International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology
Volume 15, Issue 2

Advancements in Solubility and Bioavailability of Calcium Channel Blockers: A Comprehensive Review

Meor Mohamad Nurhakim Meor Mohd Redzuan1, Mohd Zamir Rusydi bin Zamri2*

1School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia

2Department of Outpatient Pharmacy, Hospital Batu Gajah, 30200 Batu Gajah, Perak, Malaysia 

Received: 22nd Jan, 2025; Revised: 12th Apr, 2025; Accepted: 25th Apr, 2025; Available Online: 25th Jun, 2025

ABSTRACT

The present review addresses the challenges associated with the low aqueous solubility of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) focusing specifically on Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs). These drugs are classified as Class II compounds in the Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS), characterised by high permeability but limited bioavailability. This low bioavailability constrains the therapeutic efficacy of CCBs as antihypertensive agents. Research efforts concerning solubility enhancement and modification of bioavailability of CCBs, dosage forms and their physicochemical properties pharmacokinetics are presented. This paper presents the latest updates and techniques in drug formulation, enabling researchers and formulators to develop strategies to address solubility issues and, hopefully, improve therapeutic indices in patients.

Keywords: CCB’s discoveries, pharmacokinetic, physicochemical properties, solubility enhancement methods and strategies

How to cite this article: Meor Mohamad Nurhakim Meor Mohd Redzuan, Mohd Zamir Rusydi bin Zamri. Advancements in Solubility and Bioavailability of Calcium Channel Blockers: A Comprehensive Review. International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology. 2025;15(2): 896-907. doi:10.25258/ijddt.15.2.67

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