International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology
Volume 15, Issue 3

Green Synthesis of Silver Oxide Nanoparticles with Annona squamosa

Meghaben Shah*, Ganesh Dama

SGMSPM’s Sharadchandra Pawar College of Pharmacy, Otur, Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, India

Received: 19th May, 2025; Revised: 30th Jun, 2025; Accepted: 16th Jul, 2025; Available Online: 25th Sep, 2025 

ABSTRACT

The present investigation aims towards green synthesis and biological evaluation of nanoparticles containing silver (AgNPs) incorporated with Annona squamosa extracts. Optimization using Central Composite Design in Design Expert software identified ideal conditions: 1mM AgNO3, 1% extract, 90-minute reaction time, and 700 rpm stirring. Extract amount and mixing time inversely influenced particle size, while AgNO3 concentration and stirring speed had a direct impact. AgNPs sized 105–508 nm were stabilized by phenolic compounds. Antibacterial activity was attributed to silver ion release, which disrupted bacterial structures and functions, with Gram-negative bacteria being more susceptible. Nanoparticles under 10 nm showed enhanced cell penetration. Converting extracts into nanoparticles enhanced antimicrobial efficacy through synergistic interactions. In anticancer studies, Annona squamosa extract exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxicity, more effective on A431 than A375 cell lines. Nanoparticle formulations showed varied IC50 values depending on concentration Overall, green-synthesized AgNPs demonstrated promising antimicrobial and anticancer potential.

Keywords: Green synthesis, Silver nanoparticles, Annona squamosa, antimicrobial activity, Cytotoxicity, Central Composite Design.

How to cite this article: Meghaben Shah, Ganesh Dama. Green Synthesis of Silver Oxide Nanoparticles with Annona squamosa. International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology. 2025;15(3):1279-92. doi: 10.25258/ijddt.15.3.49

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