International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology
Volume 15, Issue 3

Formulation, Development, Characterization of Tablet Containing Glucosamine Sulphate from Agaricus bisporus

Shruti Parshuramkar1, Krishnakant Bhelkar2*, Trupti Tuse3, Veerendra Dhoke4 

1Department of Pharmaceutics, Dr. K.R. College of Pharmacy & Research, Lakhani, Maharashtra, India

2Department of Pharmaceutics, Gurunanak College of Pharmacy, Nagpur-440026, Maharashtra, India

3Abhinav Education Society’s College of Pharmacy, Narhe, Tal-Haveli, Dist.-Pune, Maharashtra, India

4Department of Pharmaceutics, The Royal Gondwana College of Pharmacy, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India 

Received: 14th May, 2025; Revised: 21st Jul, 2025; Accepted: 4th Aug, 2025; Available Online: 25th Sep, 2025 

ABSTRACT

The present study aimed to synthesize glucosamine sulphate from a natural vegan source, formulate it into tablets, and evaluate its physicochemical and pharmaceutical properties. Glucosamine hydrochloride was extracted from the cell wall of Agaricus bisporus (A. bisporus) mushrooms by converting chitin into chitosan, followed by enzymatic hydrolysis with α-amylase and glucoamylase. The hydrolyzed product was subsequently converted into glucosamine sulphate and characterized using FTIR, PXRD, thermal analysis, microscopic examination, and micromeritic studies. The compound was further formulated into tablets and evaluated for pharmaceutical performance. Glucosamine sulphate was successfully synthesized from A. bisporus, with an overall yield of 2% from wet biomass. FTIR confirmed the structural identity, while PXRD established its crystalline nature. The product exhibited low hygroscopicity (0.2% mo555isture content) and good thermal stability, as indicated by DSC. Micromeritic studies showed acceptable flow and compressibility properties, supporting suitability for tableting. Coated tablets demonstrated efficient drug release, achieving \~90% dissolution within 60 minutes. Glucosamine sulphate synthesized from A. bisporus mushrooms showed satisfactory yield, desirable physicochemical properties, and rapid dissolution, highlighting its potential as a sustainable natural source for the prevention and management of osteoarthritis.

Keywords: Glucosamine hydrochloride, Glucosamine sulphate, Tissue-regeneration, Osteoarthritis, Chitosan, Cartilages

How to cite this article: Shruti Parshuramkar, Krishnakant Bhelkar, Trupti Tuse, Veerendra Dhoke. Formulation, Development, Characterization of Tablet Containing Glucosamine Sulphate from Agaricus bisporus. International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology. 2025;15(3):1340-46. doi: 10.25258/ijddt.15.3.56

REFERENCES

  1. Pomin V, Mulloy B. Glycosaminoglycans and Proteoglycans. Pharmaceuticals. 2018 Feb 27;11(1):27.
  2. Chen D, Shen J, Zhao W, Wang T, Han L, Hamilton JL, et al. Osteoarthritis: toward a comprehensive understanding of pathological mechanism. Bone Res [Internet]. 2017 Jan 17;5(1). Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/boneres201644
  3. Hsu H, Siwiec RM. Knee Osteoarthritis. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507884/
  4. Antirheumatoid activity of aqueous extract of piper longum on freunds adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats. Int J Pharm Sci Res [Internet]. 2010 Sept 1 [cited 2025 July 25];1(9). Available from: http://ijpsr.com/bft-article/antirheumatoid-activity-of-aqueous-extract-of-piper-longum-on-freunds-adjuvant-induced-arthritis-in-rats/?view=fulltext
  5. Yende SR, Shah SK, Arora SK, Moharir KS, Lohiya GK. In silico prediction of phytoconstituents from Ehretia laevis targeting TNF-α in arthritis. Digit Chin Med. 2021 Oct;4(3):180–90.
  6. Jin X, Wang BH, Wang X, Antony B, Zhu Z, Han W, et al. Associations between endogenous sex hormones and MRI structural changes in patients with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2017 July;25(7):1100–6.
  7. Golds G, Houdek D, Arnason T. Male Hypogonadism and Osteoporosis: The Effects, Clinical Consequences, and Treatment of Testosterone Deficiency in Bone Health. Int J Endocrinol. 2017;2017:1–15.
  8. Ganesan K, Jandu JS, Anastasopoulou C, Ahsun S, Roane D. Secondary Osteoporosis. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470166/
  9. Zhang Y, Chai Y, Pan X, Shen H, Wei X, Xie Y. Tai chi for treating osteopenia and primary osteoporosis: a meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. Clin Interv Aging. 2019 Jan;Volume 14:91–104.
  10. Deepeshwar S, Tanwar M, Kavuri V, Budhi RB. Effect of Yoga Based Lifestyle Intervention on Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Front Psychiatry. 2018 May 8;9. Available from: http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00180/full
  11. Chakraborty S, Gupta NV, Jain V, V. B. Formulation and evaluation of etodolac and triamcinolone acetonide loaded nano lipid carrier gels for the therapeutic management of osteoarthritis pain through topical administration: a comparative study. Int J Appl Pharm. 2024 Sept 7;119–32.
  12. Richy F, Bruyere O, Ethgen O, Cucherat M, Henrotin Y, Reginster JY. Structural and Symptomatic Efficacy of Glucosamine and Chondroitin in Knee Osteoarthritis: A Comprehensive Meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med. 2003 July 14;163(13):1514.
  13. Mahavir J, Sneh L, Preeti K, Tulika M. Application of nanostructures in antimicrobial therapy. Int J Appl Pharm. 2018 July 7;10(4):11.
  14. Kumbhoje S, Husain Z, Tamboli J, Disouza J. Synthesis and characterization of schiff bases of chitosan for their improved mucoadhesion. Asian J Res Chem. 2012;5(9):1099–103.
  15. In-vitro Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity of Chitosan Isolated from Podophthalmus Vigil. J Appl Pharm Sci. 2012 Sept 28 [cited 2025 July 31]; Available from: http://www.japsonline.com/abstract.php?article_id=637
  16. Ibrahim H, El-Bisi M, Taha G, El-Alfy E. Chitosan nanoparticles loaded antibiotics as drug delivery biomaterial. J Appl Pharm Sci. 2015;085–90.
  17. Anandacoomarasamy A, March L. Current evidence for osteoarthritis treatments. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2010 Feb;2(1):17–28.
  18. Biomedical applications of electrospun chitosan nanofibers. In: Chitosan in Biomedical Applications. Elsevier; 2022. p. 75–110. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780128210581000046
  19. Uitterlinden E, Koevoet J, Verkoelen C, Bierma-Zeinstra S, Jahr H, Weinans H, et al. Glucosamine increases hyaluronic acid production in human osteoarthritic synovium explants. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2008 Dec: 9(1); 120
  20. Oza N, Khodakiya A, Sagar S. Optimization of aqueous-based film coating process parameters containing glucosamine sulfate potassium chloride. Int J Appl Pharm. 2019 May 10;251–7.
  21. Zhang P, Roytrakul S, Sutheerawattananonda M. Production and purification of glucosamine and angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides from mushroom hydrolysates. J Funct Foods. 2017 Sept;36:72–83.
  22. Pollard TCB, Gwilym SE, Carr AJ. The assessment of early osteoarthritis. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2008 Apr;90-B(4):411–21.
  23. Ding C, Jones G, Wluka AE, Cicuttini F. What can we learn about osteoarthritis by studying a healthy person against a person with early onset of disease? Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2010 Sept;22(5):520–7.
  24. Goldring MB, Goldring SR. Articular cartilage and subchondral bone in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010 Apr;1192(1):230–7.
  25. Gouze JN, Bianchi A, Bécuwe P, Dauça M, Netter P, Magdalou J, et al. Glucosamine modulates IL‐1‐induced activation of rat chondrocytes at a receptor level, and by inhibiting the NF‐κB pathway. FEBS Lett. 2002 Jan 16;510(3):166–70.
  26. Nakamura H, Shibakawa A, Tanaka M, Kato T, Nishioka K. Effects of glucosamine hydrochloride on the production of prostaglandin E2, nitric oxide and metalloproteases by chondrocytes and synoviocytes in osteoarthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2004;22:293–9.
  27. Pan S kun, Wu S jun, Kim J moon. Preparation of glucosamine by hydrolysis of chitosan with commercial α-amylase and glucoamylase. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2011 Nov;12(11):931–4.
  28. Lin Y. Whole-process optimization for industrial production of glucosamine sulfate sodium chloride based on QbD concept. Chin J Chem Eng. 2023 Feb;54:153–61.
  29. Bhinge SD, Jadhav S, Lade P, Bhutkar MA, Gurav S, Jadhav N, et al. Biogenic nanotransferosomal vesicular system of Clerodendrum serratum L. for skin cancer therapy: formulation, characterization, and efficacy evaluation. Future J Pharm Sci. 2025 Jan 8;11(1):5.
  30. Shobha U, Aditi B, Vaishali K. Effect of various stabilizers on the stability of lansoprazole nanosuspension prepared using high shear homogenization: Preliminary investigation. J Appl Pharm Sci. 2021 Sept 5; Available from: https://japsonline.com/abstract.php?article_id=3405&sts=2
  31. Mohanan J, Palanichamy S, Kuttalingam A, Narayanasamy D. Development and characterization of tacrolimus tablet formulations for sublingual administration. Int J Appl Pharm. 2021 Nov 7;89–97.
  32. Buddhadev SS, Garala KC, Buddhadev S. Formulation And Evaluation Of Sustain Release Matrix Based Tablet Of Ketorolac Tromethamine Using Tamarind Gum And Tapioca Starch Natural Polymers As Release Modifiers. Educ Adm Theory Pract. 2024 June 1 [cited 2025 July 26]; Available from: https://kuey.net/index.php/kuey/article/view/5342
  33. Pujari AK, Jadhav NR. Design and development of anti-diabetic tablet formulation containing spray dried extract of mulberry leaves. Int J Pharm Sci Res [Internet]. 2019 Mar 1;10(3). Available from: http://ijpsr.com/bft-article/design-and-development-of-anti-diabetic-tablet-formulation-containing-spray-dried-extract-of-mulberry-leaves/?view=fulltext
  34. Bhowmik D, Bhanot R, Kumar KPS. Tablet Coating Technique. Res J Pharm Dos Forms Technol. 2019;11(1):1.
  35. Gaonkar P, Khanvilkar V, Shettigar R, Gdgoli C. Spectrophotometric method for determination of glucosamine in tablets. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2006;68(1):83–4.
  36. Jafari A, Tabarsa M, Naderi-Manesh H, Gavlighi HA, You S, Vaezi Z. Glucosamine Hydrochloride and Glucosamine‐Gallic Acid Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Osteoarthritis: Synthesis, Antioxidant, and Anti‐Inflammatory. Fan Y, editor. J Food Biochem [Internet]. 2024 Jan [cited 2025 July 26];2024(1). Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2024/3272099
  37. Alberto-Silva C, Malheiros FBM, Querobino SM. Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy, physicochemical and biochemical properties of chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine as supporting information on quality control of raw materials. Future J Pharm Sci. 2020 Dec;6(1):98.
  38. Sankaraiah J, Sharma N, Naim MohdJ. Formulation and development of fixed-dose combination of bi-layer tablets of efavirenz, lamivudine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets 600 mg/300 mg/300 mg. Int J Appl Pharm. 2022 Jan 7;185–97.