International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology
Volume 14, Issue 2

Design Formulation Ointment and Wound Healing Effectiveness of Onchidiid Slug (Onchidium typhae) Extract Ethanolic Assisted by Design Expert Software

Bambang Wijianto1*, Liza Pratiwi 2

1Departement of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Departement, Pharmacy Department, Medical Faculty, Universitas Tanjungpura, Pontianak, Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia.

2Departement of Pharmaceutical Technology Departement, Pharmacy Department, Medical Faculty, Universitas Tanjungpura, Pontianak, Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia. 

Received: 25th January, 2024; Revised: 10th March, 2024; Accepted: 08th May, 2024; Available Online: 25th June, 2024 

ABSTRACT

Research on onchidiid slugs has been conducted regarding their antibacterial activity and wound healing abilities. Objective: This study aims to design the ointment formula as an effective drug delivery base for wound healing. The formula design was obtained using the mixture design method using Design Expert software version 13.0. The proposed and optimum formulas were then evaluated for their physical properties (organoleptic, homogeneity, spreadability, adhesion, and pH). The incision wound was made with a wound length of 1.5 cm with a depth of 0.2 cm on the mouse’s back. The assay group was divided into several groups. Group I is the positive control treated with betadine ointment. Group II is the negative control treated with an ointment base without active extract. Group III is the group given crude extract. Groups IV, V, and VI are the treatment groups’ optimum formula of onchidiid slug ethanol extract ointment: 1, 3, and 5%, respectively. The intervention for each group was carried out for ten days with smearing once a day. The design results in optimal formulas with the composition of adeps lanae and vaseline album (9,566:70, 344) with a desirability value of 0.934. Tests for adhesion power, spreadability, and optimum formula pH meet the requirements for a good ointment. An ointment containing 1% onchidiid slug extract showed the best wound-healing effectiveness. This formula is 88.31% effective in wound healing. Onchidiid slug ethanol extract can be designed into an effective ointment for wound healing assisted by the mixture design method using Design Expert software.

Keywords: Onchidium typhae, Ointment, Wound healing, Mixture design method. International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology (2024); DOI: 10.25258/ijddt.14.2.23

How to cite this article: Wijianto B, Pratiwi L. Design Formulation Ointment and Wound Healing Effectiveness of Onchidiid Slug (Onchidium typhae) Extract Ethanolic Assisted by Design Expert Software. International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology. 2024;14(2):744-753.

REFERENCES

  1. Tottoli EM, Dorati R, Genta I, Chiesa E, Pisani S, Conti B Skin Wound Healing Process and New Emerging Technologies for Skin Wound Care and Regeneration. Pharmaceutics. 2020; 12 (8), 735. DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12080735.
  2. Guo S, DiPietro LA. Factors Affecting Wound Healing. Journal of Dental Research. 2010; 89 (3), 219–229. DOI: 1177/0022034509359125.
  3. Shpichka A, Butnaru D, Bezrukov EA, Sukhanov RB, Atala A, Burdukovskii V, Zhang Y, Timashev, P. Skin Tissue Regeneration for Burn Stem Cell Research & Therapy. 2019; 10 (1), 94. DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1203-3.
  4. Negut I, Grumezescu V, Grumezescu Treatment Strategies for Infected Wounds. Molecules. 2018; 23 (9), 2392. DOI: 10.3390/ molecules23092392.
  5. Spampinato SF, Caruso, GI, De Pasquale R, Sortino MA, Merlo The Treatment of Impaired Wound Healing in Diabetes: Looking among Old Drugs. Pharmaceuticals. 2020; 13 (4), 60. DOI: 10.3390/ph13040060.
  6. Koumaki D, Kostakis G, Boumpoucheropoulos S, Ioannou P, Katoulis AC. A Narrative Review of Management of Wounds in Palliative Care Setting. Annals of Palliative Medicine. 2023; 12 (5), 1089–1105. DOI: 10.21037/apm-23-138.
  7. Laurano R, Boffito M, Ciardelli G, Chiono V. Wound Dressing Products: A Translational Investigation from the Bench to the Market. Engineered 2022; 3 (2), 182–200. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.engreg.2022.04.002.
  8. Wijianto, B.; Hamzah, H. Efficacy of Onchidiid Slug (Onchidiium Typhae) Ethanolic Extract against Bacterial and Fungal Grown in Biofilm European Chemical Bulletin. 2022; 11 (10), 112–116. DOI: 10.31838/ecb/2022.11.10.015.
  9. Wijianto, B.; Hamzah, H.; Nurhidayah, A. L.; Kemuning, G. I.; Dyas, R. A. A. Characterization of Onchidiid Slug (Onchidium typhae) West Kalimantan Waters as Antibacterials and Borneo Journal of Pharmcy. 2022; 5 (1), 35–41. DOI: 10.33084/bjop.v5i1.2936.
  10. Wijianto, B.; Nurhidayah, A. L.; Luliana, S. Standardization of Secondary Metabolites and Heavy Metal Contamination Assay on Onchidiid Slug (Onchidium typhae) West Kalimantan Jurnal Farmasi Sains dan Praktis. 2022; 8 (3), 199–206. DOI: 10.31603/pharmacy.v8i3.7296.
  11. Wang B, Chen D, Yu M, Liu Y, Liu P, Zhang X. A Review on Metabolites from Onchidium Genus: Chemistry and Chemistry & Biodiversity. 2021; 18 (2), e2000580. DOI: 10.1002/ cbdv.202000580.
  12. Anisuzzaman DM, Wang C, Rostami B, Gopalakrishnan S, Niezgoda J, Yu Image-Based Artificial Intelligence in Wound Assessment: A Systematic Review. Advances in Wound Care. 2022: 11 (12), 687–709. DOI: 10.1089/wound.2021.0091.
  13. Hong YK, Chang YH, Lin YC, Chen B, Guevara BEK, Hsu CK. Inflammation in Wound Healing and Pathological Advances in Wound Care. 2023; 12 (5), 288–300. DOI: 10.1089/ wound.2021.0161.
  14. Shaikh JR, Patil Qualitative Tests for Preliminary Phytochemical Screening: An Overview. International Journal of Chemical Studies. 2020; 8 (2), 603–608. DOI: 10.22271/ chemi.2020.v8.i2i.8834.
  15. Alha M, Islam NU, Zahoor M, Sadiq A, Nawaz A, Khan FA, Gulfam N, Alshamrani SA, Nahari MH, Alshahrani MA, Mahnashi MH, Hassan Biological Evaluation, Phytochemical Screening, and Fabrication of Indigofera Linifolia Leaves Extract-Loaded Nanoparticles. Molecules. 2022; 27 (15). DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154707.
  16. Al-Dalahmeh Y, Al-Bataineh N, Al-Balawi SS, Lahham JN, Al-Momani IF, Al-Sheraideh MS, Mayyas AS, Abu Orabi ST, Al-Qudah MA. LC-MS/MS Screening, Total Phenolic, Flavonoid and Antioxidant Contents of Crude Extracts from Three Asclepiadaceae Species Growing in Jordan. Molecules. 2022; 27 (3), 859. DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030859.
  17. Usman HN, Pratiwi L, Wijianto B. Cosmetic Serum Loaded Arabica Coffee (Coffea Arabica) Extract: Formulation and Antioxidant Study. Traditional Medicine Journal. 2023; 8 (2), 93–101. DOI: 22146/mot.83120.
  18. Pratiwi L, Wijianto B. Development of Face Pack Powder of Arabica Coffee (Coffea Arabica ) Using Variations of Binders with D-Optimal Mixture Design. International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology. 2023; 13 (04), 1290–1296. DOI: 10.25258/ ijddt.13.4.28.
  19. Prajapati SC, Singh S, Singh B, Sengar M, Mishra Nanotechnology-Based Intranasal Drug Delivery Systems: A Review. International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology. 2024; 14 (01), 472–480. DOI: 10.25258/ijddt.14.1.66.
  20. Riana Ningsih D, Zusfahair Z, Kartika D, Lianasari M. Formulation of M/A-Type Ointment Dosage From Ethanol Extract of White Plumeria Leaves (Plumeria Alba ) Against Candida Albicans. The Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry Research. 2018; 7 (3), 247–256. DOI: 10.21776/ub.jpacr.2018.007.03.421.
  21. Setyawaty R, Gustin G, Setiyabudi R. Gel Formulation from Ethanol Extract of The Leaf of White Guava (Psidium Guajava L.). Traditional Medicine Journal. 2021; 26 (3), 149. DOI: 22146/mot.59725.
  22. Baptista S, Freitas F. Formulation of the Polysaccharide FucoPol into Novel Emulsified Creams with Improved Physicochemical Properties. Molecules. 2022; 27, 7759. DOI: 3390/molecules27227759.
  23. Dreifke MB, Jayasuriya AA, Jayasuriya AC. Current Wound Healing Procedures and Potential Materials Science and Engineering: C. 2015; 48, 651– 662. DOI: 10.1016/j. msec.2014.12.068.
  24. Pratiwi L. Novel Antimicrobial Activities of Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) Ethyl Acetate Fraction from Garcinia Mangostana L. Peels against Staphylococcus Epidermidis: Design, Optimization, and in Vitro Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science. 2021; 11 (3), 162–171. DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2021.110313.
  25. Pratiwi L, Sari R, Apridamayanti Design and Characterization of Nanospray with Self Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System Using Sinergistic Combination of Melastoma Malabathricum L. Fraction and Gentamicin. International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics. 2021; 13 (2), 254 –263. DOI: 10.22159/ ijap.2021v13i2.40094.
  26. Velnar T, Bailey T, Smrkolj The Wound Healing Process: An Overview of the Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms. Journal of International Medical Research. 2009; 37 (5), 1528–1542. DOI: 10.1177/147323000903700531.
  27. Landén NX, Li D, Ståhle M. Transition from Inflammation to Proliferation: A Critical Step during Wound Journal of International Medical Research. 2016; 73 (20), 3861–3885. DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2268-0.
  28. Tracy LE, Minasian RA, Caterson Extracellular Matrix and Dermal Fibroblast Function in the Healing Wound. Advances in Wound Care. 2016; 5 (3), 119–136. DOI: 10.1089/ wound.2014.0561.
  29. Andritoiu CV, Andriescu CE, Ibanescu C, Lungu C, Ivanescu B, Vlase L, Havarneanu C, Popa Effects and Characterization of Some Topical Ointments Based on Vegetal Extracts on Incision, Excision, and Thermal Wound Models. Molecules. 2020; 25 (22), 5356. DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225356.
  30. Sood A, Granick MS, Tomaselli NL. Wound Dressings and Comparative Effectiveness Advances in Wound Care. 2014; 3 (8), 511–529. DOI: 10.1089/wound.2012.0401.
  31. Jurca T, Józsa L, Suciu R, Pallag A, Marian E, Bácskay I, Mureșan M, Stan RL, Cevei M, Cioară F, Vicaș L, Fehér P. Formulation of Topical Dosage Forms Containing Synthetic and Natural Anti-Inflammatory Agents for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Molecules. 2020. 26 (1), 24. DOI: 10.3390/ molecules26010024.
  32. Rigano L, Montoli M. Strategy for the Development of a New Lipstick Formula. Cosmetics. 2021; 8 (4), 105. DOI: 10.3390/
  33. Maesaroh I, Pratiwi D, Agustin L. Ointment Formulation and Test Safety from Sapodilla Manila Leaf Extract (Manilkara Zapota ) with Variation of Ointment Base as an Ulcer Medicine. Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy. 2020; 2 (1), 14. DOI: 10.24198/ idjp.v2i1.25770.
  34. Sabale V, Sabale P, Kunjwani H. Formulation and in Vitro Evaluation of the Topical Antiageing Preparation of the Fruit of Benincasa Hispida. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine. 2011; 2 (3), 124. DOI: 10.4103/0975-9476.85550.
  35. Arun M, Satish S, Anima P. Evaluation of Wound Healing, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Efficacy of Jasminum Auriculatum Leaves. 2016; 6 (3) 295-304.