An Extensive Review on Novel Liposomes : Classification, Methodology, Characterization, Current Formulations
Anjali Dhillon1*, RituVinay Singh1 , Kishna Ram Senwar1
Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Manesar, Haryana, India.
Received: 20th February, 2024; Revised: 27th March, 2024; Accepted: 05th August, 2024; Available Online: 25th September, 2024
ABSTRACT
Liposomes are vesicles consisting of a phospholipid, hydrophobic drug, hydrophobic tail, hydrophilic tail, cholesterol, targeting agents, positive and negatively charged lipids, and a drug encapsulated in the center of the phospholipid group having a spherical shape. The phospholipid consists of an equal number of aqueous membranes, making the liposomes an important nanocarrier for the drug delivery to the targeted site. Various liposome-based products have recently been approved and are in clinical trials. This review will discuss the structure, classification, types, and method of liposome preparation and various marketed liposomal products.
Keywords: liposomes, phospholipid, cholesterol, vesicles, nanocarriers, DSPG, EPC, Sphingomyelin, zeta potential,
International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology (2024); DOI: 10.25258/ijddt.14.3.83
How to cite this article: Dhillon A, Singh RV, Senwar KR. An Extensive Review on Novel Liposomes : Classification, Methodology, Characterization, Current Formulations. International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology. 2024;14(3):1842-1852.
REFERENCES
- Karmali PP, Chaudhuri A. Cationic liposomes as non-viral carriers of gene medicines: resolved issues, open questions, and future promises. Med Res Rev. 2007;27:696–722.
- Sahoo SK, Labhasetwar Nanotech approaches to drug deliveryand imaging. DDT. 2003;8:24.
- Andresen TL, Jensen SS, Jorgensen K. Advanced strategies in liposomal cancer therapy: problems and prospects of active and tumor-specific drug release. Prog Lipid Res. 2005;44:68–97.
- Kim BY, Rutka JT, Chan WC. Nanomedicine. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:2434–2443.
- Allen TM, Cullis PR. Drug delivery systems: entering the mainstream. Science. 2004;303:1818–1822.
- Khater D, Nsairat H, Odeh F, Saleh M, Jaber A, Alshaer W, Al Bawab A, Mubarak Design, preparation, and characterization of effective dermal and transdermal lipid nanoparticles: a review. Cosmetics. 2021;8.
- Sahoo SK, Labhasetwar Nanotech approaches to drug deliveryand imaging. Drug Discov Today. 2003;8:1112–1120.
- Nsairat H, Khater D, Odeh F, Al-Adaileh F, Al-Taher S, Jaber AM, Alshaer W, Al Bawab A, Mubarak Lipid nanostructures for targeting brain cancer. Heliyon. 2021;7:e07994.
- Celia C, Paolino D, Santos HA. Advanced nanosystems for clinical translation. Adv Ther. 2021;4:2000215.
- Peer D, Karp JM, Hong S, Farokhzad OC, Margalit R, LangerNanocarriers as an emerging platform for cancer therapy. NatNanotechnol. 2007;2:751–760.
- Mirzavi F, Barati M, Soleimani A, Vakili-Ghartavol R, Jaafari MR, Soukhtanloo M. A review on liposome-based therapeutic approaches against malignant melanoma. Int J 2021;599:120413.
- Wang G, Li R, Parseh B, Du G. Prospects and challenges of anticancer agents’ delivery via chitosan-based drug carriers to combat breast cancer: A review. Carbohydr 2021;268:118192.
- Watson DS, Endsley AN, Huang L. Design considerations for liposomal vaccines: Influence of formulation parameters on antibody and cell-mediated immune responses to liposome associated antigens. Vaccine. 2012;30:2256–2272.
- Man F, Gawne PJ, de Rosales Nuclear imaging of liposomal drug delivery systems: A critical review of radiolabelling methods and applications in nanomedicine. Adv Drug Delivery Rev. 2019;143:134–160.
- Dos Santos Rodrigues B, Banerjee A, Kanekiyo T, SinghFunctionalized liposomal nanoparticles for efficient gene delivery system to neuronal cell transfection. Int J Pharm. 2019;566:717–730.
- Noble GT, Stefanick JF, Ashley JD, Kiziltepe T, Bilgicer B. Ligand-targeted liposome design: challenges and fundamental considerations. Trends Biotechnol. 2014;32:32–45.
- Hafner A, Lovric J, Lakos GP, Pepic I. Nanotherapeutics in the EU: an overview on current state and future directions. Int J Nanomed. 2014;9:1005–1023.
- McClements DJ, Rao J. Food-grade nanoemulsions: formulation, fabrication, properties, performance, biological fate, and potential toxicity. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2011;51:285–330.
- Kalyane D, Raval N, Maheshwari R, Tambe V, Kalia K, Tekade RK. Employment of enhanced permeability and retention effect (EPR): Nanoparticle-based precision tools for targeting of therapeutic and diagnostic agent in cancer. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2019;98:1252–1276.
- Zhang M, Gao S, Yang D, Fang Y, Lin X, Jin X, Liu Y, Liu X, Su K, Shi K. Influencing factors and strategies of enhancing nanoparticles into tumors in-vivo. Acta Pharm Sin2021;11:2265–2285.
- Dana P, Bunthot S, Suktham K, Surassmo S, Yata T, Namdee K, Yingmema W, Yimsoo T, Ruktanonchai UR, Sathornsumetee S, et al. Active targeting liposome-PLGA composite for cisplatin delivery against cervical cancer. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2020;196:111270.
- Hashemi M, Shamshiri A, Saeedi M, Tayebi L, Yazdian-RobatiAptamer-conjugated PLGA nanoparticles for delivery and imaging of cancer therapeutic drugs. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2020;691:108485.
- Fernandes MA, Eloy JO, Luiz MT, Junior SLR, Borges JC, de la Fuente LR, Luis COS, Marchetti JM, Santos-Martinez MJ, Chorilli M. Transferrin-functionalized liposomes for docetaxel delivery to prostate cancer cells. Colloids Surf A. 2021;611:125806.
- Danhier F, Breton AL, Preat V. RGD-based strategies to target alphav beta3 integrin in cancer therapy and diagnosis. Mol Pharm. 2012;9:2961–2973.
- Kang T, Gao X, Hu Q, Jiang D, Feng X, Zhang X, Song Q, Yao L, Huang M, Jiang X, et al. iNGR-modified PEG-PLGA nanoparticles that recognize tumor vasculature and penetrate gliomas. Biomaterials. 2014;35:4319–4332.
- Liang H, Zou F, Liu Q, Wang B, Fu L, Liang X, Liu J, LiuNanocrystal-loaded liposome for targeted delivery of poorly water-soluble antitumor drugs with high drug loading and stability towards efficient cancer therapy. Int J Pharm. 2021;599:120418.
- Chen Q, Gao M, Li Z, Xiao Y, Bai X, Boakye-Yiadom KO, Xu X, Zhang XQ. Biodegradable nanoparticles decorated with different carbohydrates for efficient macrophage-targeted gene J Control Release. 2020;323:179–190.
- Amarnath S, Sharma Liposomes in drug delivery: progressand limitations. Int J Pharm. 1997;154:123–140.
- Shaheen SM, Shakil Ahmed FR, Hossen MN, Ahmed M, Amran MS, Ul-Islam MA. Liposome as a carrier for advanced drug delivery. Pak J Biol Sci. 2006;9(6):1181–1191.
- Kim T, Kim J, Kim Extended-release formulation of morphine for subcutaneous administration. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1993;33:187–190.
- Fan Y, Marioli M, Zhang Analytical characterization ofliposomes and other lipid nanoparticles for drug delivery. J PharmBiomed Anal. 2021;192:113642.
- Wang N, Chen M, Wang Liposomes used as a vaccine adjuvant- delivery system: From basics to clinical immunization. J Control Release. 2019;303:130–150.
- Hillery AM. Supramolecular lipidic drug delivery systems: From laboratory to clinic A review of the recently introduced commercial liposomal and lipid-based formulations of amphotericin B. Adv Drug Delivery Rev. 1997;24:345–363.
- Beiranvand S, Eatemadi A, Karimi A. New Updates Pertaining to Drug Delivery of Local Anesthetics in Particular Bupivacaine Using Lipid Nanoscale Res Lett. 2016;11:307–317.
- Li Z, Perkins W, Cipolla D. Robustness of aerosol delivery of amikacin liposome inhalation suspension using the eFlow® Technology. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2021;166:10–18.
- Available online: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/ medicines/human/EPAR/myocet-liposomal-previously-myocet (accessed on 1 June 2021).
- Signorell R D, Luciani P, Brambilla D, Leroux Pharmacokinetics of lipid-drug conjugates loaded into liposomes. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2018;128:188–199.
- Wu X, Dai X, Liao Y, Sheng M, Shi X. Investigation on drug entrapment location in liposomes and transfersomes based on molecular dynamics simulation. J Mol Model. 2021;27:111.
- Nakhaei P, Margiana R, Bokov DO, Abdelbasset WK, Jadidi Kouhbanani MA, Varma RS, Marofi F, Jarahian M, BeheshtkhooLiposomes: structure, biomedical applications, and stability parameters with emphasis on cholesterol. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2021;9:705886.
- Pavelic Z, Skalko-Basnet N, Jalsenjak Characterisation and in vitro evaluation of bioadhesive liposome gels for local therapy of vaginitis. Int J Pharm. 2005;301:140–148.
- Large DE, Abdelmessih RG, Fink EA, Auguste DT. Liposome composition in drug delivery design, synthesis, characterization, and clinical Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2021;176:113851.
- Large DE, Abdelmessih RG, Fink EA, Auguste DT. Liposome composition in drug delivery design, synthesis, characterization, and clinical Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2021;176:113851.
- Li J, Wang X, Zhang T, Wang C, Huang Z, Luo X, Deng Y. A review on phospholipids and their main applications in drug delivery systems. Asian J Pharm Sci. 2015;10:81–98.
- van Hoogevest P, Wendel A. The use of natural and synthetic phospholipids as pharmaceutical excipients. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol. 2014;116:1088–1107.
- Jovanovic AA, Balanc BD, Ota A, Ahlin Grabnar P, Djordjevic VB, Savikin KP, Bugarski BM, Nedovic VA, Poklar UlrihComparative effects of cholesterol and β-sitosterol on the liposome membrane characteristics. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol. 2018;120:1800039.
- Hillery AM. Supramolecular lipidic drug delivery systems: From laboratory to clinic A review of the recently introduced commercial liposomal and lipid-based formulations of amphotericin B. Adv Drug Delivery Rev. 1997;24:345–363.
- Wang M, Liu M, Xie T, Zhang B, Gao X. Chitosan-modified cholesterol-free liposomes for improving the oral bioavailability of progesterone. Colloids Surf B. 2017;159:580–585.
- Garcon NMC, Friede M. Vaccines Contraining a Saponin and a Sterol. U.S. Patent US2005/0214322A1, 29 September 2005.
- Abboud R, Greige- Gerges H, Charcosset Effect of Progesterone, Its Hydroxylated and Methylated Derivatives,and Dydrogesterone on Lipid Bilayer Membranes. J MembraneBiol. 2015;248:811–824.
- Yingchoncharoen P, Kalinowski DS, Richardson Lipid-based drug delivery systems in cancer therapy: what is available and what is yet to come. Pharmacol Rev. 2016;68(3):701–787.
- Monteiro N, Martins A, Reis RL, Neves NM. Liposomes in tissue engineering and regenerative J R Soc Interface. 2014;11:20140459.
- Li J, Wang X, Zhang T, Wang C, Huang Z, Luo X, Deng Y. A review on phospholipids and their main applications in drug delivery systems. Asian J Pharm Sci. 2015;10:81–98.
- Ramrakhiani L, Chand S. Recent progress on phospholipases: different sources, in: Assay Methods, Industrial Potential and Pathogenicity. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology. 2011;164:991–1022.
- van der Veen JN, Kennelly JP, Wan S, Vance JE, Vance DE, Jacobs RL. The critical role of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine metabolism in health and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Biomembr. 2017;1859:1558–1572.
- van Hoogevest P, Wendel A. The use of natural and synthetic phospholipids as pharmaceutical excipients. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol. 2014;116:1088–1107.
- Cipolla D, Wu H, Gonda I, Eastman S, Redelmeier T, Chan Modifying the release properties of liposomes toward personalized medicine. J Pharmaceut Sci. 2014;103:1851–1862.
- Bozzuto G, Molinari A. Liposomes as nanomedical IntJ Nanomed. 2015;10:975–999.
- Lee E, Kim A, Oh YK, Kim CK. Effect of edge activators on the formation and transfection efficiency of ultradeformable liposomes. Biomaterials. 2005;26:205–210.
- Tian Y, Chen L, Zhang W. Influence of ionic surfactants on the properties of nanoemulsions emulsified by non-ionic surfactants span 80/tween J Dispersion Sci Technol. 2016;37:1511–1517.
- Gangwar M, Singh R, Goel RK, Nath G. Recent advances in various emerging vescicular systems: an overview. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2012;2:S1176–S1188.
- Paolino D, Cosco D, Cilurzo F, Trapasso E, Morittu VM, Celia C, Fresta Improved in vitro and in-vivo collagen biosynthesis by asiaticoside-loaded ultradeformable vesicles. J Contr Release. 2012;162:143–151.
- Souto EB, Macedo AS, Dias-Ferreira J, Cano A, Zielinska A, Matos CM. Elastic and ultradeformable liposomes for transdermal delivery of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22.
- Nogueira E, Gomes AC, Preto A, Cavaco-Paulo Design of liposomal formulations for cell targeting. Colloids Surf B. 2015;136:514–526.
- Kohli AG, Kierstead PH, Venditto VJ, Walsh CL, Szoka FC. Designer lipids for drug delivery: From heads to J Control Release. 2014;190:274–287.
- Perkins W, Malinin V, Li X, Miller B, Seidel D, Holzmann P, Schulz H, Hahn M. System for Treating Pulmonary Infections.U.S. Patent 9,566,234 B2, 14 February 2017.
- Borochov H, Shinitzky M, Barenholz Y. Sphingomyelin phase transition in the sheep erythrocyte membrane. Cell Biochem Biophys. 1979;1:219–228.
- Vemuri S, Rhodes CT. Preparation and characterization of liposomes as therapeutic delivery systems: A review. Pharm Acta Helv. 1995;70:95–111.
- Takechi-Haraya Y, Sakai-Kato K, Abe Y, Kawanishi T, OkudaH, Goda Y. Atomic Force Microscopic Analysis of the Effect of Lipid Composition on Liposome Membrane Rigidity. Langmuir. 2016;32:6074–6082.
- Nogueira E, Gomes AC, Preto A, Cavaco-Paulo Design of liposomal formulations for cell targeting. Colloids Surf B. 2015;136:514–526.
- Kohli AG, Kierstead PH, Venditto VJ, Walsh CL, Szoka FC. Designer lipids for drug delivery: From heads to J Control Release. 2014;190:274–287.
- Perkins W, Malinin V, Li X, Miller B, Seidel D, Holzmann P, Schulz H, Hahn M. System for Treating Pulmonary Infections.U.S. Patent 9,566,234 B2, 14 February 2017.
- Borochov H, Shinitzky M, Barenholz Y. Sphingomyelin phase transition in the sheep erythrocyte membrane. Cell Biochem Biophys. 1979;1:219–228.
- Vemuri S, Rhodes CT. Preparation and characterization of liposomes as therapeutic delivery systems: A review. Pharm Acta Helv. 1995;70:95–111.
- Takechi-Haraya Y, Sakai-Kato K, Abe Y, Kawanishi T, Okuda H, Goda Atomic Force Microscopic Analysis of the Effect of Lipid Composition on Liposome Membrane Rigidity. Langmuir. 2016;32:6074–6082.
- Liu Y, Mei Z, Mei L, Tang J, Yuan W, Srinivasan S, Ackermann R, Schwendeman AS. Analytical method development and comparability study for AmBisome® and generic Amphotericin B liposomal Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2020;157:241–249.
- Vyxeos Liposomal (Previously Known as Vyxeos). Available online: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/ vyxeos-liposomal (accessed on 20 June 2021).
- Takechi-Haraya Y, Matsuoka M, Imai H, Izutsu K, Sakai-KatoDetection of material-derived differences in the stiffness of egg yolk phosphatidylcholine-containing liposomes using atomic force microscopy. Chem Phys Lipids. 2020;233:104992.
- Luo R, Li Y, He M, Zhang H, Yuan H, Johnson M, Palmisano M, Zhou S, Sun D. Distinct biodistribution of doxorubicin and the altered dispositions mediated by different liposomal Int J Pharm. 2017;519:1–10.
- Pajewski R, Djedovic N, Harder E, Ferdani R, Schlesinger PH, Gokel GW. Pore formation in and enlargement of phospholipid liposomes by synthetic models of ceramides and Bioorg Med Chem. 2005;13:29–37.
- Silverman JA, Deitcher SR. Marqibo® (vincristine sulfate liposome injection) improves the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2013;71:555–564.
- Bulbake U, et al. Liposomal formulations in clinical use: an updated review. Pharmaceutics. 2017;9(2):12.
- Zhang W, Falconer JR, Baguley BC, et al. Improving drug retention in liposomes by aging with the aid of glucose. Int J Pharm. 2016;505(1-2):194–203.
- Bozzuto G, Molinari A. Liposomes as nanomedical IntJ Nanomedicine. 2015;10:975–999.
- Chountoulesi M, Naziris N, Pippa N, et al. The significance of drug-to-lipid ratio to the development of optimized liposomal formulation. J Liposome Res. 2018;28(3):249–258.
- Lee Y, Thompson DH. Stimuli-responsive liposomes for drug delivery. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol. 2017;9(5).
- Laouini A, Jaafar-Maalej C, Limayem-Blouza I, Sfar S, Charcosset C, Fessi Preparation, characterization andapplications of liposomes: state of the art. J Coll Sci Biotechnol.2012; 1:147–168.
- Bulbake U, Doppalapudi S, Kommineni N, Khan Liposomal formulations in clinical use: an updated review. Pharmaceutics. 2017; 9:12.
- Wu H, Yu M, Miao Y, He S, Dai Z, Song W, Liu Y, Song S, Ahmad E, Wang D, Gan Y. Cholesterol-tuned liposomal membrane rigidity directs tumor penetration and antitumor effect. Acta Pharm Sin B. 2019; 9:858–870.
- Ceh B, Winterhalter M, Frederik PM, Vallner JJ, Lasic DD. Stealth® liposomes: from theory to product. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 1997;24:165–177.
- Zhang JX, Wang K, Mao ZF, Fan X, Jiang DL, Chen M, Cui L, Sun K, Dang SC. Application of liposomes in drug development— focus on gastroenterological Int J Nanomed. 2013;8:1325.
- San H, Yang ZY, Pompili VJ, Jaffe ML, Plautz GE, Xu L, Felgner JH, Wheeler CJ, Felgner PL, Gao X. Safety and short-term toxicity of a novel cationic lipid formulation for human gene therapy. Hum Gene Ther. 1993;4:781–788.
- Majzoub RN, Ewert KK, Safinya CR. Cationic liposome–nucleic acid nanoparticle assemblies with applications in gene delivery and gene silencing. Math Phys Eng Sci. 2016;374:20150129.
- Dass CR. Improving anti-angiogenic therapy via selective delivery of cationic liposomes to tumour vasculature. Int J Pharm. 2003;267:1–12.
- McCarthy DJ, Malhotra M, O’Mahony AM, Cryan JF, O’Driscoll Nanoparticles and the blood-brain barrier: advancing from in-vitro models towards therapeutic significance. Pharmaceut Res. 2015;32:1161–1185.
- Knudsen KB, Northeved H, Ek PK, Permin A, Gjetting T, Andresen TL, Larsen S, Wegener KM, Lykkesfeldt K, Jantzen K. In-vivo toxicity of cationic micelles and liposomes. Nanomedicine. 2015;11:467–477.
- Semple SC, Chonn A, Cullis Interactions of liposomes and lipid-based carrier systems with blood proteins: relation to clearance behaviour in-vivo. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 1998;32:3–17.
- Suk JS, Xu Q, Kim N, Hanes J, Ensign PEGylation as a strategy for improving nanoparticle-based drug and gene delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2016;99:28–51.
- Gonzalez-Rodriguez M, Rabasco A. Charged liposomes as carriers to enhance the permeation through the Expet Opin Drug Deliv. 2011;8:857–871.
- Sun C. BUBBLE LIPOSOME: A MODERN THERANOSTIC APPROACH OF NEW DRUG DELIVERY. 2017;1290–1314.
- Rangger C, Helbok A, von Guggenberg E, Sosabowski J, Radolf T, Prassl F, Andreae F, Thurner GC, Haubner R, DecristoforoInfluence of PEGylation and RGD loading on the targeting properties of radiolabeled liposomal nanoparticles. Int J Nanomed. 2012;7:5889.
- Allen The use of glycolipids and hydrophilic polymers in avoiding rapid uptake of liposomes by the mononuclear phagocyte system. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 1994;13:285–309.
- Paolino D, Cosco D, Racanicchi L, Trapasso E, Celia C,Iannone M, Puxeddu E, Costante G, Filetti S, Russo D, FrestaGemcitabine-loaded PEGylated unilamellar liposomes vs GEMZAR: biodistribution, pharmacokinetic features and in-vivo antitumor activity. J Contr Release. 2010;144:144–150.
- He K, Tang M. Safety of novel liposomal drugs for cancer treatment. Adv Prosp. 2018;295:13–19.
- Allen TM, Cullis Liposomal drug delivery systems:from concept to clinical applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev.2013;65:36–48.
- Leserman LD, Weinstein JN, Blumenthal R, Terry WD. Receptor-mediated endocytosis of antibody-opsonized liposomes by tumor cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S 1980;77:4089–4093.
- Rezler EM, Khan DR, Lauer-Fields M, Cudic D, Baronas- Lowell D, Fields Targeted drug delivery utilizing protein-like molecular architecture. J Am Chem Soc. 2007;129:4961–4972. 107.Gupta S, Gupta MK. Possible role of nanocarriers in drug delivery against cervical cancer. Nano Rev Exp. 2017; 8:1335567.
- Backer MV, Gaynutdinov TI, Patel V, Jehning BT, Myshkin E, Backer JM. Adapter protein for site-specific conjugation of payloads for targeted drug delivery. Bioconjugate Chem. 2004; 15:1021–1029.
- Bertrand N, Leroux JC. The journey of a drug-carrier in the body: an anatomophysiological perspective. J Contr Release. 2012; 161:152–163.
- Lee Y, Thompson DH. Stimuli-responsive Liposomes for Drug Delivery. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol. 2017;9.
- Yavlovich A, Smith B, Gupta K, Blumenthal R, Puri A. Light- sensitive lipid-based nanoparticles for drug delivery: design principles and future considerations for biological applications. Mol Membr Biol. 2010; 27:364–381.
- Gai S, Yang G, Yang P, He F, Lin J, Jin D, Xing B. Recent advances in functional nanomaterials for light–triggered cancer therapy. Nano Today. 2018; 19:146–187.
- M i l l s J K, Need ham Lysolipid i ncor poration i n dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine bilayer membranes enhances the ion permeability and drug release rates at the membrane phase transition. Biochim Biophys Acta Biomembr. 2005;1716:77–96.
- Ta T, Porter TM. Thermosensitive liposomes for localized delivery and triggered release of J Contr Release. 2013; 169:112–125.
- Chu KF, Dupuy DE. Thermal ablation of tumours: biological mechanisms and advances in therapy. Nat Rev Cancer. 2014;14:199–208.
- Nardecchia S, Sanchez-Moreno P, Vicente J, Marchal JA, BoulaizClinical trials of thermosensitive nanomaterials: an overview. Nanomaterials. 2019;9:191.
- Pezzoli D, Tallarita E, Rosini E, Candiani G. Characterization and investigation of redox-sensitive liposomes for gene Methods Mol Biol. 2016;1445:217–233.
- Ong W, Yang Y, Cruciano AC, McCarley RL. Redox- Triggered contents release from liposomes. J Am Chem Soc. 2008;130:14739–14744.
- Antoniou AI, Giofre S, Seneci P, Passarella D, Pellegrino S. Stimulus-responsive liposomes for biomedical Drug Discov Today. 2021;26:1794–1824.
- Li M, Zhao G, Su WK, Shuai Enzyme-ResponsiveNanoparticles for Antitumor Drug Delivery. 2020;8.
- Lou J, Best A general approach to enzyme-responsiveliposomes. Chemistry. 2020; 26:8597–8607.
- Chu CJ, Szoka pH-Sensitive Liposomes. J Liposome Res. 1994; 4:361–395.
- Karanth H, Murthy pH-sensitive liposomes–principle and application in cancer therapy. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2007; 59:469–483.
- Lafi Z, Alshaer W, Hatmal MM, Zihlif D, Alqudah DA, Nsairat H, Azzam T, Aburjai T, Bustanji Y, Awidi Aptamer- functionalized pH-sensitive liposomes for a selective delivery ofechinomycin into cancer cells. RSC Adv. 2021; 11:29164–29177.
- Pick U. Liposomes with a large trapping capacity prepared by freezing and thawing of sonicated phospholipid mixtures. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1981; 212:186–194.
- Liu L, Yonetaini T. Preparation and characterization of liposome-encapsulated haemoglobin by a freeze-thaw method. J Microencapsulation. 1994;11(4):409–421.
- Liu L, Yonetaini T. Preparation and characterization of liposome-encapsulated haemoglobin by a freeze-thaw method. J Microencapsulation. 1994;11(4):409–421.
- Mayer LD, Bally MB, Hope MJ, Cullis PR. Techniques for encapsulating bioactive agents in to liposomes. Chem Phys Lipids. 1986; 40:333–345.
- Song H, Geng HQ, Ruan J, Wang K, Bao CC, Wang J, Peng X, Zhang XQ, Cui Development of polysorbate 80/phospholipid mixed micellar formation for docetaxel and assessment of its in-vivo distribution in animal models. Nanoscale Res Lett. 2011; 6:354.
- Mozafari Liposomes: an overview of manufacturingtechniques. Cell Mol Biol Lett. 2005;10(4):711–719.
- Lesieur S, Grabielle-Madelmont C, Paternostre MT, OllivonSize analysis and stability study of lipid vesicles by highperformance gel exclusion chromatography, turbidity, and dynamic light scattering. Anal Biochem. 1991; 192:334–343.
- Hunter DG, Frisken Effect of Extrusion Pressure and Lipid Properties on the Size and Polydispersity of Lipid Vesicles. Biophys J. 1998; 74:2996–3002.Available online: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/visudyne (accessed on 20 June 2021).
- Garcon NMC, Friede M. Vaccines Contraining a Saponin and a Sterol. U.S. Patent US2005/0214322A1, 29 September 2005.
- Adler-Moore J, Gamble RC, Proffitt Treatment of Systemic Fungal Infections with Phospholipid Particles Encapsulating Polyene Antibiotics. U.S. Patent 5,874,104, 23 February 1999.
- Akbarzadeh A, Rezaei-Sadabady R, Davaran S, Joo SW, Zarghami N, Hanifehpour Y, Samiei M, Kouhi M, Nejati-KoshkiLiposome: classification, preparation, and applications.Nanoscale Res Lett. 2013; 8:102.
- Large DE, Abdelmessih RG, Fink EA, Auguste DT. Liposome composition in drug delivery design, synthesis, characterization, and clinical Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2021; 176:113851.
- Bhupendra P, Narendra K, Suman S, Amit Liposome: method of preparation, advantages, evaluation and its application. J Appl Pharmaceut Res. 2015; 3:1–8.
- Riaz Liposome preparation method. Pak J Pharm Sci.1996;9(1):65–77.
- Kataria S, Sandhu P, Bilandi A, Akanksha M, Kapoor B, Seth GL, Bihani SD. Stealth liposomes: a review. IJRAP. 2011;2(5):1534–1538.
- Has C, Sunthar A comprehensive review on recent preparation techniques of liposomes. J Liposome Res. 2020; 30:336–365.
- Szoka F Jr, Papahadjopoulos D. Procedure for preparation of liposomes with large internal aqueous space and high capture by reverse-phase evaporation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1978; 75:4194–4198.
- Jaafar-Maalej C, Charcosset C, Fessi A new method forliposome preparation using a membrane contactor. J LiposomeRes. 2011; 21:213–220.
- Maherani B, Arab-Tehrany E, Mozafari M, Gaiani C, Linder Liposomes: a review of manufacturing techniques and targeting strategies. Curr Nanosci. 2011; 7:436–452.
- Bhupendra P, Narendra K, Suman S, Amit Liposome: method of preparation, advantages, evaluation and its application. J Appl Pharmaceut Res. 2015; 3:1–8.
- Shi NQ, Qi XR. Preparation of drug liposomes by reverse- phase In: Lu WL, Qi XR, editors. Liposome-Based Drug Delivery Systems. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2017. p. 1-10.
- Szoka F Jr, Papahadjopoulos D. Comparative properties and methods of preparation of lipid vesicles (liposomes). Annu Rev Biophys Bioeng. 1980; 9:467-508.
- Vemuri S, Rhodes CT. Preparation and characterization of liposomes as therapeutic delivery systems: a Pharm Acta Helv. 1995; 70:95-111.
- Jiskoot W, Teerlink T, Beuvery EC, Crommelin DJ. Preparation of liposomes via detergent removal from mixed micelles by The effect of bilayer composition and process parameters on liposome characteristics. Pharm Weekbl Sci Ed. 1986; 8:259-265.
- Milsmann MHW, Schwendener RA, Weder HG. The preparation of large single bilayer liposomes by a fast and controlled dialysis. Biochim Biophys Acta Biomembr. 1978; 512:147-155.
- Schwendener RA, Asanger M, Weder HG. n-alkyl-glucosides as detergents for the preparation of highly homogeneous bilayer liposomes of variable sizes (60–240 nm φ) applying defined rates of detergent removal by Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1981; 100:1055-1062.
- Enoch HG, Strittmatter Formation and properties of 1000-A-diameter, singlebilayer phospholipid vesicles. Proc Natl Acad Sci Unit States Am. 1979; 76:145.
- Ueno M, Tanford C, Reynolds Phospholipid vesicle formation using non-ionic detergents with low monomer solubility. Kinetic factors determine vesicle size and permeability. Biochemistry. 1984;23: 3070-3076.
- Schurtenberger P, Mazer N, Waldvogel S, Kanzig Preparation of monodisperse vesicles with variable size by dilution of mixed micellar solutions of bile salt and phosphatidylcholine. Biochim Biophys Acta Biomembr. 1984; 775:111-114.
- Schubert Liposome Preparation by Detergent Removal. In:Methods Enzymol. Academic Press; 2003. p. 46-70.
- Daemen T, Hofstede G, Ten Kate MT, Bakker-Woudenberg IAJM, Scherphof Liposomal doxorubicin induced toxicity: depletion and impairment of phagocytic activity of liver macrophages. Int Cancer. 1995;61:761-721. doi: 10.1002/ ijc.2910610604.
- Alpes H, Allmann K, Plattner H, Reichert J, Rick R, Schulz S. Formation of large unilamellar vesicles using alkyl maltoside Biochim Biophys Acta. 1986;862:294. doi: 10.1016/0005-2736(86)902312.
- Shaheen SM, Shakil Ahmed FR, Hossen MN, Ahmed M, Amran MS, Ul-Islam MA. Liposome as a carrier for advanced drug delivery. Pak J Biol Sci. 2006;9(6):1181-1191.