Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs), including bladder infections (cystitis), are some of the most prevalent bacterial illness. They often require prolonged antibiotic therapy, which may contribute to antibiotic resistance and adverse side effects. To address this challenge, herbal-based nanoemulsions offer a promising alternative, leveraging natural antibacterial agents and enhancing drug delivery through nanoscale formulations. Objective: This study aims to formulate and characterize a stable nanoemulsion incorporating Vaccinium macrocarpon, Cinnamomum verum, and Tribulus terrestris, targeting synergistic antibacterial action and enhanced drug release for effective UTI management. Method: Nanoemulsions were formulated using the aqueous titration method, with cis-9-octadecenoic acid (oleic acid) serving as the oil component, Tween 20 as the emulsifying agent, polyethylene glycol 400 is acting as the co-emulsifier. Different Smix ratios, varying from 1:1 to 4:1, were employed to create pseudo-ternary phase diagrams. To optimize, a 12-formulation Box-Behnken factorial design was adopted. Globule size, zeta potential, pH, Consistency (viscosity), refractivity, PDI, and IVRT testwere all evaluated for the formulations. Results: The improved nanoemulsion exhibited a transparent and monophasic nature, with A globule's size of 95.7 nanometre and a PDI of 0.95, indicating uniform distribution. The pH and refractive index were 6.5 ± 0.22 and 1.33 ± 0.05, respectively. Investigations of in vitro release test (IVRT) demonstrated controlled and sustained drug release, with the C2 formulation showing the highest cumulative release (96.3%) after 60 minutes. Conclusion: The formulated nanoemulsion demonstrated promising physicochemical stability and enhanced in-vitro drug release, indicating that it may be a novelherbal-based beneficial strategy for effective UTI treatment.
Keywords: Herbal nanoemulsion, Urinary Tract Infection, Synergistic antibacterial activity, Vaccinium macrocarpon, Cinnamomum verum, Tribulus terrestris, In-vitro drug release.
How to cite this article: Kumar M; Pathak D; Formulation and Evaluation of Nanoemulsion: Exploring the Synergistic Antibacterial Potential of Vaccinium Macrocarpon, Cinnamomum Verum and Tribulus Terrestris for the Management Of Urinary Tract Infection...Int J Drug Deliv Technol. 2025;15(4): 1612-1631, DOI: 10.25258/ijddt.15.4.14