International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology
Volume 16, Issue 10s, 2026

Clinico-Microbiological Profile, Echocardiographic Characteristics, and In-Hospital Outcomes of Infective Endocarditis: A Retrospective Study from a Tertiary Care Centre

1 Dr. Atiullah Mohammad Imran Malik, 2 Dr. Shaheen Bhat, 3 Dr. Suraiya Khanam Ansari, 4 Dr. Nashra Afaq, 5 Dr. Pratima Rawat, 6* Dr. Ayesha Nazar

1Associate Professor, Department of General Medicine, Consultant for Echocardiography & Diabetology, India.

2Associate Professor, Department of Microbiology, SMS & R, Sharda Hospital, Greater Noida, India.

3Associate Professor, Department of Microbiology, G.S.V.M. Medical College, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.

4Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Rama Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Uttar Pradesh, India. ORCID ID: 0000-0002-0069-6111

5Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Hind Institute of Medical Sciences, Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh, India.

6*Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, SMS & R, Sharda Hospital, Greater Noida, India.

Corresponding Author: Dr. Ayesha Nazar*
Email ID: ayesha.nazar1@sharda.ac.in

ABSTRACT

Background
Infective endocarditis (IE) remains a serious and potentially fatal condition despite advances in diagnostic imaging, antimicrobial therapy, and cardiac surgery. Changing epidemiological trends and evolving microbial profiles necessitate continuous regional evaluation to improve outcomes.

Methods
This retrospective observational study included 100 consecutive patients diagnosed with infective endocarditis based on the modified Duke's criteria at a tertiary care hospital between 2015 and 2022. Demographic data, blood culture results, microbiological profiles, echocardiographic findings, treatment modalities, complications, and in-hospital outcomes were analyzed using descriptive statistics.

Results
The study population consisted of 58 male (58%) and 42 female (42%) patients, with a mean age of 45.3 years. The most common pathogens identified were Staphylococcus aureus (42.9%) and Viridans streptococci (28.6%). Echocardiographic findings revealed that 85% of patients had vegetations, while 23% showed severe valvular regurgitation and 18% had valve perforations. Surgical intervention was required in 25% of patients, with 60% undergoing valve replacement. The in-hospital mortality rate was 14%, and complications such as heart failure (33%) and systemic embolization (17%) were observed in a significant proportion of patients.

Conclusion
Infective endocarditis continues to be associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. The predominance of Staphylococcus aureus, high frequency of echocardiographic complications, and significant surgical requirements emphasize the importance of early diagnosis, prompt microbiological confirmation, and a multidisciplinary management approach to improve patient outcomes.

Keywords: Infective endocarditis; Blood culture; Echocardiography; Staphylococcus aureus; Clinical outcomes; Tertiary care hospital

How to cite this article: Malik AMI, Bhat S, Ansari SK, Afaq N, Rawat P, Nazar A. Clinico-Microbiological Profile, Echocardiographic Characteristics, and In-Hospital Outcomes of Infective Endocarditis: A Retrospective Study from a Tertiary Care Centre. Int J Drug Deliv Technol. 2026;16(10s): 486-493; DOI: 10.25258/ijddt.16.10s.61

Source of support: Nil.

Conflict of interest: None