1*Associate Professor, Department of Pharmacology, Marwar Medical University, India. ORCID ID: 0009-0001-5264-7725. Email: upasanapal85@gmail.com
2Associate Professor, Department of Quality Assurance H.L.M.C. College of Pharmacy Faizpur, Maharashtra, India. ORCID ID: 0009-0002-2522-0248. Email: ranejesika@gmail.com
3Assistant Professor, Department of Zoology, Govt College for Women, Trivandrum, Kerala University. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2941-6566. Email: hyzilsyam@gmail.com
4Associate Professor, Department of Nursing, The Assam Royal Global University, Guwahati Assam. Email: kalitamonika24@gmail.com
5Assistant Professor, Department of Paramedical, Satyam Institute of Management and Technology, Amritsar, 143005. Specialization: Molecular Biology and Biochemistry. ORCID ID: 0009-0008-9730-8525. Email: shiwanichaudhary005@gmail.com
6Assistant Professor, Teerthanker Mahaveer University, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh-244001, India. ORCID ID: 0000-0001-6345-4569. Email: souvik31sur@gmail.com
Advanced drug delivery systems have undergone rapid evolution to address limitations associated with conventional dosage forms, including poor bioavailability, non-specific distribution, and inadequate control over drug release. Increasing evidence indicates that biochemical and microbial environments play a decisive role in modulating delivery system performance and therapeutic outcomes. This review aims to critically analyze advanced drug delivery technologies through the lens of biochemical and microbial interactions, with emphasis on their influence on stability, targeting efficiency, controlled release, and clinical performance. A comprehensive evaluation of recent literature was conducted focusing on nanoparticle-based, polymeric, hydrogel, liposomal, biomimetic, and stimuli-responsive delivery platforms. Particular attention was given to protein corona formation, enzyme-mediated degradation, immune interactions, microbial biofilms, and microbiota-driven modulation of drug delivery behavior. Findings indicate that biochemical determinants such as protein adsorption, enzymatic activity, redox potential, and immune recognition significantly influence carrier biodistribution and release kinetics. Microbial factors, including gut microbiota and biofilm-forming pathogens, further affect drug stability, penetration, and efficacy. Advanced delivery platforms incorporating bio-responsive materials and biomimetic strategies demonstrate improved site-specific delivery, enhanced therapeutic outcomes in cancer and infectious diseases, and broader clinical applicability. Integration of biochemical and microbial insights into drug delivery design enhances therapeutic precision and translational potential. Future advancements are expected to rely on microbiome-aware, precision-driven, and smart bio-responsive systems to achieve improved clinical performance in modern pharmaceutics.
Keywords: Drug delivery systems; Biochemical interactions; Microbial interfaces; Stimuli-responsive delivery; Nanotechnology
How to cite this article: Pal U, Rane J, B HJ, Kashyap M, Chaudhary S, Sur S. Biochemical and Microbial Interactions in Advanced Drug Delivery Systems: Implications for Therapeutic Efficacy. Int J Drug Deliv Technol. 2026;16(16s): 233-241. DOI: 10.25258/ijddt.16.16s.25
Source of support: Nil.
Conflict of interest: None