Eco-Friendly Synthesis of Stable Bismuth Nanoparticles Using Aegle marmelos Extract: Physicochemical Characterization and Antimicrobial Evaluation

Pooja Sankhla¹, YS Sarangdevot*² , Bhupendra G. Prajapati³ , Himanshu Paliwal⁴

¹Research Scholar, Bhupal Nobles’ College of Pharmacy, Bhupal Nobles’ University, Udaipur, Rajasthan , 313001; India. Email : pooja91sankhla@gmail.com (PS)
²Professor, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bhupal Nobles’ College of Pharmacy, Bhupal Nobles’ University, Udaipur, Rajasthan , 313001; India. Email : yuv_cog@rediffmail.com (YSS)
³Department of Pharmaceutics, Parul Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Parul University, Waghodia, Vadodara, 391760, Gujarat, India
⁴Marwadi University Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marwadi University, Rajkot, 360003, Gujarat, India, Gujarat, India. Email : himanshupaliwal.2016@gmail.com (HP)

ABSTRACT

The green synthesis of metal nanoparticles is a promising alternative to traditional chemical methods that are environmentally hazardous and biologically incompatible. Here, bismuth nanoparticles (BiNPs) were synthesized using a hydroalcoholic Aegle marmelos leaf extract as a natural reducing, capping, and stabilizing agent. Various parameters of synthesis (vol-ume of extract and temperature of reaction) were varied, keeping other conditions constant to obtain reproducible and controlled nanoparticle formation. The formation of BiNPs was confirmed by UV-Visible spectroscopy, showing characteristic absorption bands at 269-279 nm, and FTIR analysis, which showed the presence of plant-derived functional groups, such as hydroxyl and carbonyl moieties, which confirm their role in metal ion reduction and sur-face capping. The Nano sized BiNPs had hydrodynamic diameters between 34 and 61 nm and high negative surface charge values (-33.96 to -36.67 mV), which suggest good colloidal stability and effective surface capping. The efficient incorporation of bismuth was confirmed by inductively coupled plasma analysis, which revealed the highest metal content in batch S1. Concentration-dependent, broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity was demonstrated against selected bacterial and fungal strains, which was influenced by synthesis conditions and na-noparticle stability. In summary, this work presents a scalable and green approach for pre-paring BiNPs from Aegle marmelos with potential nano-enabled antimicrobial applications. Graphical abstract Eco-Friendly Synthesis of Stable Bismuth Nanoparticles Using Aegle marmelos Extract: Physicochemical Characterization and Antimicrobial Evaluation

Keywords: Bismuth nanoparticles; Aegle marmelos; Green synthesis; Reproducible; Eco-friendly; Antimicrobial activity; Pharmaceutical nanotechnology.

How to cite this article:Sankhla P, Sarangdevot YS, Prajapati BG, Paliwal H., Eco-Friendly Synthesis of Stable Bismuth Nanoparticles Using Aegle marmelos Extract: Physicochemical Characterization and Antimicrobial Evaluation .Int J Drug Deliv Technol. 2026;16(1s): 982-993; DOI: 10.25258/ijddt.16. 982-993