The evolutionary study of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in breast carcinoma among different vertebrate ancestors
Saima Shahzad Mirza1, Mustafa Azizoglu2, Farheen Aslam3, Dibakar Roy4, Hassan Raza Heral5, Zainab Awais6, Ayesha Aihetasham7, Ayesha Siddiqa8, Muhammad Waseem9, Ayesha Masood10, Shagufta Iram11, Asma Rasheed12
1Microbial Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Education, Bank Road Campus, Lahore, Pakistan..
Email; saima.mirza@ue.edu.pk, ORCID: 0000-0002-3287-9879
2Department of Pediatric Surgery, Esenyurt Necmi Kadioglu State Hospital, Istanbul 34515, Turkey, Department of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering & 3D Bioprinting, Istinye University, Istanbul 34460, Turkey.
Email: mdmazizoglu@gmail.com. ORCID: 0000-0002-8266-5203.
3Associate Professor, Department of Biotechnology, Lahore College for Women University, Pakistan.
Email: farheen.aslam@lcwu.edu.pk. ORCID: 0000-0003-4380-2401
4Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202.
Email: roydi@iu.edu: ORCID:https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5980-6076
5Assistant Professor, Department of Pathology, Faryal Dental College, Lahore, Pakistan.
Email: Hassanraza1245@gmail.com ORCID:0009-00039488-9188
6Department of Pathology, University college of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.
Email: zainab_syed@hotmail.com. ORCID: 0009-0008-0745-418.
7Assistant Professor, Institute of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Quaid E Azam Campus, Lahore, Pakistan.
Email: ayesha.zool@pu.edu.pk. ORCID: 0000-0003-0533-6366
8Institute of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab Lahore, Pakistan. Email: Ayesha.mmg@pu.edu.pk. ORCID: 0000-0002-6046-809X
9Research Cell, University College of Medicine and Dentistry, university of Lahore, Pakistan.
Email: Waseem.mmg.pu@gmail.com. ORCID: 0000-0002-0819-129X.
10Professor in Department of Pathology, University College of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.
Email: ayesha.masood@ucm.uol.edu.pk. ORCID: 0000-0002-8386-506.
11Head of Department, Department of Pathology University College of Medicine and Dentistry, university of Lahore, University of Lahore.
ORCID: 0009-0008-3186-7068
12Professor Chemical Pathology, University College of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Lahore, Pakistan. Email: asma.rasheed@ucm.uol.edu.pk. ORCID: 0009-0003-8314-309X
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Cancer involves abnormal cell proliferation and migration throughout the body. Genetic changes occurring in hereditary breast cancer lead to the activation of oncogenes, resulting in gain-of-function effects. This study was designed to conduct a phylogenetic analysis of breast cancer-related oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes families in humans relevant to different species.
Methods: Data was retrieved from ensemble genome browser and NCBI. BLAST research executed for FASTA sequence of selected species. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted using MEGA X. Alignment was achieved through Clustal W, leading to the creation of neighbor-joining tree in circular form. Rigorous validation was performed using bootstrap method, employing 500 pseudo replicates.
Results: Among the eleven oncogenes, the CBLC and JUN gene has two paralogues, BCL3, DDX6, FEV, MYB, KARAS, LCK, NUP214 and MPL had 5, while TFG have no paralogues. In the 10 tumor suppressor genes, the CDH1, JAK2, PML, PTEN, GPC3, SOCS1, gene had 5 paralogues, EXT1 and WRN gene has 4, NPM1 has 2, VHL has 1 paralogue. Furthermore, phylogenetic trees were constructed for 21 gene families, encompassing 10 tumor suppressor genes and 11 oncogenes, utilizing vertebrate sequences. Discussion: The analysis revealed variable paralogue distribution among oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, ranging from none to five. Phylogenetic trees of 21 gene families highlighted their evolutionary relationships across vertebrates.
Conclusion: In conclusion, variability in paralogue numbers among oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, with some genes having multiple paralogues and others, like TFG and VHL, having few or none was found. Phylogenetic trees highlighted evolutionary relationships..
Keywords: Breast cancer, Oncogenes, Tumor suppressor genes, Evolution, Mammals.
How to cite this article: Mirza SS, Azizoglu M, Aslam F, Roy D, Heral HR, Awais Z, Aihetasham A, Siddiqa A, Waseem M, Masood A, Iram S, Rasheed A, The evolutionary study of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in breast carcinoma among different vertebrate ancestors..Int J Drug Deliv Technol. 2026;16 (1s): 383-396; DOI: 10.25258/ijddt.16. 383-396