Modern trends in organic synthesis require the creation of solvents systems that minimize environmental impact and maximize synthetic throughput at the same time to facilitate sustainable process intensification. In the present study, a recyclable green solvent platform was systematically investigated for mechanistically distinct carbon–carbon bond-forming transformations using a deliberately standardized experimental framework. Reaction efficiency and sustainability were quantitatively evaluated through atom economy, E-factor, process mass intensity (PMI), solvent recovery efficiency, and energy consumption metrics. The developed medium afforded an isolated yield of 92% with a reaction time of 2.5 h and sustained catalytic activity across five consecutive reuse cycles, with yield retention of 89% in the fifth cycle. Gravimetric recovery enabled solvent reutilization of 93% per cycle. Material efficiency analysis demonstrated a reduction of the E-factor to 2.1 and PMI to 45. Relative to DMF, these values correspond to decreases of 68% in waste generation and 58% in total material input. Thermal demand was concurrently lowered from 1.45 to 0.85 kWh per batch, representing a 41% reduction in energy consumption. Mechanistic evaluation indicated that polarity-controlled solvation and hydrogen-bond-assisted stabilization of reactive intermediates contributed to improved kinetics and catalyst longevity. Integration of performance and sustainability indicators confirmed consistent superiority of the developed solvent across all metrics. Collectively, the results establish solvent engineering as an effective and scalable strategy for achieving high-efficiency, low-waste carbon–carbon bond formation under industrially relevant conditions.
Highlights
• Polarity-engineered recyclable solvent enabled kinetic intensification of C–C coupling, affording 92% yield in 2.5 h
• Phase-resilient solvent architecture sustained 93% recovery with preserved catalytic activity over five cycles
• Mass-intensity minimization reduced waste generation to an E-factor of 2.1 and PMI of 45
• Solvent substitution compressed cumulative material throughput and solvent demand by 58% versus DMF
• Reduced thermal duty lowered specific energy input from 1.45 to 0.85 kWh per batch (−41%)
• Composite sustainability indexing verified superior multidimensional process efficiency and resource utilization
Keywords: Green solvent, C-C bond formation, Suzuki coupling, Aldol condensation, E-factor, PMI, solvent recovery, sustainable synthesis
How to cite this article: Choubey M R, Choubey L N, Sustainability and Performance Assessment of Green Solvent Systems in C-C Bond Formation Processes. Int J Drug Deliv Technol. 2026;16(4s): 366-377, DOI: 10.25258/ijddt.16.4s.46.