Introduction: Garlic has long been recognized for its antifungal properties, but could not find strong place in formulation and development due to the unstable nature of allicin, a sulfur-rich compound present in garlic, referred to as di-allyl thiosulfinate, plays a key role in inhibiting fungal growth.Objectives: Purpose of the study was to use microwave-processed garlic powder in formulation and development of multipurpose antifungal gel using carbopol as a gelling polymer. Materials and Methods: Antifungal Susceptibility testing was performed as per CLSI guidelines using processed garlic powder against Candida albicans (MTCC 277) and Malassezia furfur (MTCC No-1374) as prominent species involved in fungal infections of hair, skin and vagina. Carbopol 934 was used to develop and optimize the gel formulations. A skin irritation assessment was conducted using the HET-CAM test method.Results and Discussion: The antifungal activity of gel was observed for 24, 48, 72 hours and further observations were continued for seven days’ period and effective concentration was identified, wherein formulation prepared with 1% concentration of garlic powder was found to be prominently effective. The results from the HET-CAM test confirmed the non-irritating properties of the formulated product. In the positive control, coagulation occurred within 0.5 seconds of application, while no such reaction was observed with the developed antifungal gel formulation, indicating its lack of irritancy.Conclusion: The developed antifungal gel formulation using microwave-processed garlic powder was found to be stable and effective for longer with no skin irritation observed.

In southern Asia, including India, Sri Lanka, and other countries, the stem bark, root, and leaves of Caesalpinia Sappan (Fabaceae) have been utilized in traditional medical systems to cure diabetes and numerous other illnesses. The hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic potential of this valued plant’s leaves and bark, however, has not yet been proven by science. The current study’s objective is to assess the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of Caesalpinia Sappan leaf ethanol extracts. Hydro-alcoholic extracts in dose 200mg/kg of Caesalpinia Sappan leaves (CSL) was evaluated for hypo-glycemic effect by In vitro α-amylase & α-glucosidase anti-diabetic potential similarly in vivo by using animals for 21 days in addition to the hypolipidemic potential in rats with diabetes induced by streptozotocin.The α-amylase & α-glucosidase inhibition activity was enhanced with enhanced in the concentration of extract. On administration of CSL it restored the body and organs weight. Similarly When CSL extracts were given to diabetic animal as supplements; the levels of GlyHb and plasma glucose were recovered, while insulin, C-peptide, and Hb parameters increased. In the current investigation, MDA levels were shown to be elevated; however, these levels were considerably decreased on the addition of glibenclamide and the hydro-ethanolic extract of CSL.The presence of active principles in the extract and fractions could be the cause of the observed outcome. In comparison to glibenclemide, the usual medication, the results demonstrated the potential effects of Caesalpinia Sappan leaves extract as hypoglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic in a dose-dependent manner. Scientific evidence supports the traditional usage of this substance as an anti-diabetic.

The study investigates the pharmacognosy and in vitro antacid activity of Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L. and Evolvulus nummularius (L.) L. plant species, that would be used in the formulation of a stable antacid dosage form. Pharmacognostic analyses, phytochemical screenings, and in vitro gastric acid-neutralising activity assay were performed on both of the species. Formulated E. alsinoides chewable granules were subjected to stability assessments under accelerated conditions. E. alsinoides and E. nummularius resulted in more fibres and more crystals in the respective powder samples. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of both plants produced positive results for common phytochemicals (e.g., flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolics, etc.), but cardiac glycosides were absent in aqueous extracts. Antacid activities of E. alsinoides and E. nummularius were statistically significant (p<0.001) with the respective negative controls. The granules formulated using E. alsinoides plant powder were sufficiently stable in pH value (pH: 5.36±0.01), chemical composition, and acid-neutralising activity (0.16±0.00 H+ mmol) throughout the study period. Detailed pharmacognostic characteristics revealed by this study can be used in the differentiation of E. alsinoides and E. nummularius. Both species possess significant antacid activity. Although the in vitro bioactivity of formulated granules remained constant under accelerated conditions, their stability performances have to be improved.

Eriobotrya japonica has been traditionally used for its medicinal properties. This study investigates its fruit ethanol extract’s phenolic and flavonoids profiles and evaluates its antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anticholesterol activities. Eriobotrya japonica fruit ethanol extract was tested for total phenolic and flavonoid content using Folin-Ciocalteu and AlCl3 methods. The antioxidant capacity was assessed by DPPH and metal chelation assays. The antidiabetic action was assessed using α-glucosidase inhibition and the Nelson-Somogyi method, whereas the Liebermann-Burchard method was used to measure anticholesterol. The extract exhibited large quantities of phenolics (38.62 mg GAE/g) and flavonoids (4.23 mg QE/g), demonstrating robust antioxidant activity with IC50 of 55 µg/mL by DPPH method and substantial inhibition (71%) by metal ion chelation. In addition, it exhibited strong antidiabetic effects 2.42 µg/mL in the α-glucosidase inhibition test, and at 10 µg/mL using the Nelson-Somogyi method resulted in a 24.02% yield. The extract demonstrated a significant reduction in cholesterol levels during the process of cholesterol reduction, obtaining a maximum reduction of 47.31% at the highest concentration tested. Ethanol extract of Eriobotrya japonica can be used in treating oxidative stress and diabetes and introduce its potential to reduce cholesterol levels. The high content of phenolic and flavonoids total contributes to its bioactivities, indicating its potential as a functional food ingredient.

This study focused on the development and optimization of a colon-targeted Budesonide tablet formulation designed for controlled release and targeted delivery to the colon. A combination of controlled-release polymers (Xanthan Gum and Hypromellose K4M) and coating polymers (Eudragit S100 and Eudragit L100) was utilized to achieve the desired drug release profile. A systematic approach using fractional and full factorial designs was employed to identify the key variables influencing drug release at specific time points. The formulation was optimized to ensure minimal premature release in the upper GIT and maximum release in the colon. In vitro dissolution studies revealed that the optimized formulation closely matched the reference-listed drug (RLD), with 18.07% release at 2 h, 42.63% at 4 h, 84.78% at 8h and 91.32% at 12 h. The similarity factor (f2) of 83 and difference factor (f1) of 3 confirmed the high level of similarity between the two formulations. The optimized formulation successfully delivered Budesonide in a controlled manner, providing a cost-effective and scalable solution for treating inflammatory bowel diseases.

Ginkgo biloba leaves contain flavonoids, terpenoids, bioflavonoids, organic acids, polyprenols, ginkgolides, and bilobalides, among other active chemical constituents. The plant’s many therapeutic qualities, such as its antioxidative, anticancer, antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective qualities, are attributed to these constituents. The objective of this study is to conduct a comprehensive pharmacognosy analysis, including the classification of primary and secondary metabolites, as well as HPTLC screening of Ginkgo biloba leaf extracts. Pharmacognosy analysis was perform according to methodology mention drafted by, CCRAS, Ministry of AYUSH, Govt. of India, New Delhi. Upon microscopic examination, the structural makeup of the Ginkgo biloba leaf was found to include calcium oxalate, starch grains, sclereids, long fibers, and spiral tracheids. Physiochemical analyses revealed that the sample contained earthy materials and inorganic salts, with a moisture content of 11.29% and water and alcoholsoluble extract was 18.53% and 16.52% was found. The Ginkgo biloba leaf contained primary metabolites (carbohydrates and proteins) as well as secondary metabolites (alkaloids, tannins, glycosides, and phenolic substances), according to qualitative phytochemical testing. In HPTLC screening maximum five chemical constituents are separated multiple wavelengths. The phenolic content of the Ginkgo biloba leaf was determined to be 789.94±61.07 (mg GAE per hundred 100 gram dry extract) and the flavonoid content was 6.59±0.91 (mg of quercetin equivalent per hundred gram dry extract). These results highlight the Ginkgo biloba leaf’s complex composition and the existence of beneficial bioactive substances including flavonoids and phenols, which may support plant defense mechanism and have potential health benefits.

The purpose of this study was to improve the anti-hypertensive effect of telmisartan fast-dissolving tablets by formulating them with a synthetic superdisintegrant. The effects of three factors—SH [A], SSG [B], and CCS [C] on dependent variables like the in vitro method, water absorption, and percent drug release at 10 minutes were investigated in this survey using three factors in a two-level (23) factorial design. The production of starch hyaluronate, a fine, freely-flowing crystalline powder, was accomplished by the esterification process. The ester bond between starch and hyaluronic acid was confirmed by FTIR analysis, and starch hyaluronate did not interact with the medication in the DSC testing. The formulation with the shortest disintegration time, TF2, took only 24±0.2 seconds to complete. In ten minutes, 93.68 ±1.32% of the medicines from the optimal composition had dissolved. Moreover, a mixture containing a 5% level of starch hyaluronate was refined and could be utilized in creating quickly dissolving tablets. This formula also improved clinical compliance during the effective treatment of hypertension. The optimized composition was able to achieve a low concentration of a novel synthetic super disintegrate in a short amount of time.

Topical preparations are utilized to deliver drugs directly to the site of application, ensuring localized effects by penetrating into underlying layers of the skin or mucous membrane, thereby offering primary advantage of avoidance of first-pass metabolism. Dutasteride is mainly used for treating benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The research aimed to develop a topical preparation using dutasteride for treating androgenic alopecia (male pattern baldness) wherein incorporation of onion or garlic extract was explored due to their known benefits in promoting hair growth. Various concentrations of gelling agents were preliminary screened for gel consistency. Here, Carbopol-934 was used as gelling agent, for ease of application and aloe vera as an emollient, which gives lustre to hair. The formulations were evaluated for physico-chemical properties, in-vitro diffusion studies, ex-vivo permeation studies and stability giving desirable results. The preparations were highly productive towards nourishing hair roots and producing faster hair growth. A comparative study of the evaluation parameters for different dutasteride gels formulation demonstrated that the garlic-induced preparation (i.e., dutasteride gel with 10% garlic extract) produced more beneficial effect compared to other preparations, thus this prepared formulation can be suggested for male pattern baldness treatment.

Asparagus curillus Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb., a lesser-known yet therapeutically significant ethnomedicinal species of the Lower Himalayas, holds substantial potential for pharmacological applications. Current study aims to explore the pharmacognostic, phyto-chemical and anti-oxidant properties of A. curillus to validate its traditional uses and uncover new therapeutic potentials. The pharmacognostic evaluation involved detailed examination of the anatomical (histological) characteristics of the roots, providing essential diagnostic features for its identificastion and quality control. Phyto-chemical investigation shown the presence of various bioactive phyto-constituents, including flavonoids, alkaloids, and saponins, which are recognized for their therapeutic properties. The antioxidant activity was assessed using standard assays, confirming the plant’s capacity to neutralize free radicals, thus supporting its use in managing oxidative stress-related conditions and induced disorders. The findings of present investigation contribute to the developing form of evidence on A. curillus and underscore its significance as a valuable resource for developing novel therapeutic agents.

The purpose of this study was to develop a high-loading amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) of ivermectin to significantly enhance its oral absorption and bioavailability. Using a solvent method, we formulated a novel ternary ASD with polyvinylpyrrolidone PVPK30 and Poloxamer 188 (P188) in a 1:0.5:1.5 ratio of drug to PVPK30 to P188. We characterized the physicochemical properties of five ASD formulations through in vitro dissolution tests. The selected formulation, SD3, was further assessed using X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and pharmacokinetic studies in rats. Notably, SD3 enhanced drug loading more than 30-fold compared to commercial tablets. SD3 exhibited significantly faster dissolution rates and maintained an amorphous state that remained stable after two months of storage at 4°C. Pharmacokinetic analysis at a 20 mg/kg oral dose in rats showed that SD3 achieved the highest maximum concentration (Cmax), plasma exposure (AUC), and oral bioavailability compared to the pure drug and commercial tablets. The assessment of the oral absorption rate constant (Ka) revealed an increased Ka and intestinal permeability through this ASD, elucidating the possible mechanism behind these improvements.

Background and Objective: Centella asiatica is a perennial herbaceous plant that is commonly used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine. The purpose of this study was to investigate its phytochemical profile and pharmacognostic properties. Methods: Centella asiatica’s strong phytochemical profile supports its potential as a pharmaceutical agent. A plant’s potential for antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects is indicated by the presence of tannins, phenolic compounds, and saponins. Result: The results of several phytochemical and physicochemical investigations offer important new information about this plant’s quality control criteria and prospective medical uses. Conclusion: Our findings support the plant’s traditional applications for healing wounds, enhancing memory, and cleansing blood. Additional in vivo and clinical research is necessary to confirm these pharmacological effects and comprehend the underlying mechanisms of action.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a medical condition characterized by heightened levels of blood sugar, stemming from either inadequate production of insulin or an impaired response to insulin at the cellular level, whether due to a relative or absolute deficiency of the hormone. Traditional herbal remedies have a significant role in the treatment of DM. Pajanelia longifolia, known by the general population as Pajanelia or Tender wild jack has been a component of traditional herbal medicine in India and other Asian countries for the treatment of various ailments. The current research assessed the antidiabetic activity of Pajanelia longifolia leaf extract in streptozotocin (35 mg/kg, oral route) induced diabetic rats. The study utilized an in vivo streptozotocin induced diabetic model and an in vitro rat hemidiaphragm model for assessment of antidiabetic activity. Acute toxicity studies conducted on liposomes of Pajanelia longifolia leaf extract (2000 mg/kg body weight) proved the drug to be non-toxic. The effects of various doses (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg p.o.) of extract were assessed. Glimepiride (2 mg/kg) and insulin (0.25 IU/ml) were used as the standard drugs for in vivo and in vitro studies, respectively. The decrease in blood glucose levels and the elevation of muscle and liver glycogen content in diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin and the increased glucose uptake and glycogen content observed in in vitro rat hemidiaphragm technique proved that Pajanelia longifolia leaf extract has significant antidiabetic activity.

This experiment aimed to create a mouth dissolving film containing Olanzapine and basic adjuvants such as polymers, plasticizers, sweeteners, saliva stimulants, and flavorings were used. Solvent casting method was used created using to create films. HPMC E5 cps gave good thickness to the film. The films produced gave good tensile strength and folding endurance. The augmented formulation (F7) exhibited good mouth feel, folding endurance, immediate drug release, and strong mechanical properties. The F7 exhibited a disintegration time (DT) of 20 seconds and drug release of 99% within 10 minutes. Polynomial equations were derived for DT and percent drug dissolved 10 (PD10) using Design Expert 7 software. Disintegration time (DT) and percent drug dissolved in 10min (PD10) equations developed are as follows. Y1=36.00 +2.50 X1-5.00 X2+0.25X1X2-2.50X²-5X22(DT); Y3=90.75-3.70X1+2.50X2-0.00 X1X2–1.95X²+0.50 X²(PD10m).The positive sign for co-efficient of X1 in Y1 equations designates that as the concentration of HPMC rises, disintegrating time increases. The negative sign for co-efficient of X2 inY1equations indicates that as the enhancement in primojel concentration decreases the disintegrating time . To check the legitimacy of equation F10 was formulated with DT for 25 sec and PD10 for 90.00. The Final DT Values and PD10were found to be 25 sec and 90.64 % indicating the validity of equation. FTIR spectra indicated that API and adjuvants did not interact during the study. Thus Olanzapine mouth dissolving films could be successfully prepared using HPMC E5 and primojel using 3² Factorial Design.

In order to increase Taxifolin’s solubility and bioavailability, this study set out to create and assess niosomes of Taxifolin powder by the thin film hydration approach. A nonionic surfactant called span 60 and a membrane stabiliser called cholesterol were utilised. Particle size distribution, zeta potential, and light scattering analysis were all examined. Niosomes demonstrated a mean particle size between 106.5± 7.42 nm and 115.8 ±11.61 nm, with particle size increasing as the surfactant and cholesterol molar ratios were raised. The percentage yield was found to be in range 44 ± 0.235% to 81 ± 0.216%. The optimized batch (FC6) had zeta potential of -27.7 ± 2.37 mV and 92.78 ± 3.14 %entrapment efficiency. Taxifolin loaded niosomes demonstrated sustained release of Taxifolin.The anticancer potential of compound was evaluated using an in vitro cytotoxicity assay on MCF-7 cell lines. Finally, associated to free Taxifolin, cytotoxic impact of Taxifolin loaded niosomes on MCF-7 cell line was found to be substantially improved by the MTT assay. Result demonstrated that solubility and bioavailability of naturally derived Taxifolin phytochemicals can be increase by loading it into niosomes, thus enhance their anticancer efficacy.

This study sought to create floating microspheres containing Docetaxel, a cutting-edge anti-mitotic chemotherapeutic medication frequently used in the treatment of breast, ovarian, and non-small cell lung malignancies. The experimental results demonstrated that FT-IR evaluation exhibited no significant peak shifts, suggesting that the drug within the microspheres is stable in the short term. Biocompatible polymers, that include chitosan and albumin, were incorporated for the development of microspheres, both of which generated a great deal of drug entrapment and sufficient yield. All formulations have acceptable flow characteristics to allow for simple capsule loading. Furthermore, raising its polymer concentration resulted in an enormous decrease in cumulative drug release percentage. The formulations D7 is best fitted in various kinetic models.

Trazodone is often used to treat major depression. A50 – 300 mg tablet formulation thatcontains1, 3 Dichloro propane, 3-chloro-1-bromopropane, and 2-Chloro pyridine as a genotoxic impurity. In the present study, the GC method is effectively developed and validated under the required regulations. This method is established for the quantification of 1, 3 Dichloro propane, 3-chloro-1-bromopropane, and 2 – Chloro pyridine in Trazodone hydrochloride API.The sample preparation method is easy and free of toxic solvents. The method demonstrated excellent linearity over a concentration range of 0.3 μg/ml to 2 μg/ml. The method was highly précised and robust. The proposed GC method holds promise for both qualitative and quantitative analyses of 1, 3 Dichloro propane, 3-chloro-1-bromopropane and 2-Chloro pyridine in Trazodone hydrochloride formulations.

The goal of current work is to develop Propranolol HCl floating tablets. Floating tablets of Propranolol HCl were designed basing on the idea of gas generation. Using sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) as a gas-generating agent, xanthan gum, polyox WSR 303a as a matrix-forming polymer, and HPMC K4 M and K15 M as matrix-forming polymers, matrix tablets totalling 40 mg of propranolol HCl were created.Among the four polymers namely HPMCK4M, HPMCK15M, Xanthan gum and Polyox WSR, HPMC K4M gave good release and was selected for formulation of propranolol HCl floating tablets by 3² factorial design.  Propranolol HCl release from the manufactured floating tablets occurred gradually over the course of 12 hours and was contingent upon the tablet’s composition. The percentage that the independent variables HPMC K4M and NaHCO₃ were utilised in the formulation of propranolol HCl floating tablets is described by a chosen three level, two factors experimental designs (3² factorial designs). Floating lag time (FLT), percent drug released in 8h were selected as dependent variables. The equations for Floating lag time (FLT) and drug release in 8 hr in (PD­­₈₎ drug dissolved are as follows. Y₁= 23.89 +4.17X₁ -8.33 X₂-0.75X₁X₂ +0.17X₁² +2.67X₂² (FLT), Y₂= 81.06 -1.86X₁ -4.10X₂ -0.14 X₁X₂ – 0.21X₁² + 6.57 X₂² (DR_8h). The Y1 equations’ co-efficient of X2, which has a negative sign, shows that floating lag time increases as sodium bicarbonate concentration falls. The findings indicatethat the amount of NaHCO₃ (X2) and the amount of HPMCK4M (X1) both have an impact on how long it takes for a medication to release and floating lag time.All manufactured floating tablet drug release followed first order kinetics, with the exception of F7, F8, and F9. Drug release from all the floating tablets prepared followed first order kinetics except in case of F7, F8 and F9. All manufactured floating tablets had their drug release regulated by non-Fickian diffusion, which served as the floating tablet’s release mechanism. For FLT and DR 8h, the proximity between the predicted and observed values supports the rationality of the consequent equations for the dependent variables. Among the nine formulations F9 formulation is considered as best formulation basing on floating lag time and medication release parameters. It can be inferred from the findings that the floating tablets of propranolol HCl can be obtained successfully using optimization by 3² factorial design using HPMC K4M and sodium bicarbonate.

Throughout ancient times, medicinal plants have been a primary source of treatment for human ailments. It makes sense that the 1.42 billion people who make up the world’s population, or one in four, rely on traditional medicine to cure a variety of illnesses. To encourage hair development, a range of herbal herbs are utilized. The current study used neem, fenugreek seeds, tea tree oil, aloe vera, and lemon to develop and assess a polyherbal gel. The antibacterial capabilities of this gel were assessed in relation to candida albicans. The created formulation exhibits a positive zone of inhibition. Further assessment of the gel’s physiochemical characteristics, including spreadability, viscosity, pH, and stability studies, was conducted.

Background and objectives: In this study, extracts from eight herbal medicines Withania somnifera, Nardostachys jatamansi, Convolvulus pluricaulis, Mucuna pruriens, Centella asiatica, Bacopa monnieri, Tinospora cordifolia, and Ginkgo biloba were combined to create a potential medication. Methods: Quality Control study had been done according guideline or procedure drafted by CCRAS, Ministry of AYUSH, Govt. of India, Oral Acute and Repeated Dose 28-day Toxicity Study had been done according to OECD 423 and 407 guidelines. Results: The polyherbal formulation’s physiochemical characteristics, phytochemical content, safety profile, and possible impacts on physiological parameters were all carefully assessed. The formulation was establish to be safe at a single administration dose of 2000 mg/kg and safe at repeated doses up to 1000 mg/kg over the course of 28 days. Conclusion: This study highlights the polyherbal formulation’s potential for therapeutic application in the cure of Parkinson’s disease by offering insightful information on its toxicological properties and quality control.

This article describes the formulation of a mucoadhesive thiolated chitosan (TC) and Locust Bean Gum (LBG) hydrogel for the application of site-targeted delivery of telmisartan. The hydrogel was formulated using the tripolyphosphate (TPP) ionotropic gelation cross-linking procedure. The optimized IPN hydrogel was considered by FTIR, UV-visible and SEM. And in vitro drug release abilities and mucoadhesion properties were also evaluated. The effect of polymer blend ratio on swelling capacity was investigated. The improved formulation demonstrated long-lasting drug release (up to 12 hours) and excellent mucoadhesiveness. A non-fickian technique was used to monitor the drug release from the hydrogel. The study’s findings suggest that LBG:TC hydrogel could be a good vehicle for targeted medication delivery.

Psychotic illnesses are significant symptoms of various mental disorders, including psychotic depression, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. The high incidence of psychotic illness can be attributed to several factors, including low patient compliance stemming from limitations in antipsychotic treatments. Antipsychotics are pharmacological therapies used to manage psychotic disorders, addressing acute episodes and preventing relapses. However, these drugs often exhibit limited physicochemical properties, suboptimal pharmacokinetic profiles, low bioavailability, and insufficient solubility, which hinder their ability go through the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The traditional dosage forms and routes of administration, primarily oral and injectable also pose further challenges. The intranasal delivery system offers a promising alternative to overcome these limitations by facilitating drug administration through the nasal cavity, allowing for quick uptake into the bloodstream while circumventing enzymatic degradation and first-pass metabolism associated with oral routes. The intranasal route can achieve significant drug concentrations in the brain without interference from the BBB, increasing bioavailability and enabling a rapid onset of pharmacological effects at lower doses and frequencies than oral medications. Nonetheless, anatomical, physiological, histological challenges as well as the fundamental processes involved in drug uptake via the nasal epithelium complicate systemic and brain distribution. The effectiveness of intranasal antipsychotic formulations can be improved through different drug delivery systems (DDS) such as nanoparticles, liposomes, nanogels, and other nanocarriers that help transport the drugs from the nasal cavity to the brain.

The study explores the formulation and evaluation of Cefixime medicated lollipops as a novel solution for paediatric oral drug delivery. The developed lollipops demonstrated desirable physical and pharmaceutical attributes, including consistent drug content, optimal hardness, and adherence to weight variation standards. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the absence of significant drug-excipient interactions, ensuring formulation stability. Among the tested formulations, F2 exhibited the most promising results, achieving 100.05% cumulative drug release within 15 minutes during In vitro dissolution studies. Stability assessments over three months under accelerated conditions confirmed the lollipops’ physical and chemical integrity, with drug content remaining within acceptable limits.This innovative dosage form addresses common challenges in pediatric drug administration by enhancing palatability, simplifying administration, and improving patient compliance. Additionally, the reduced dosing frequency associated with the formulation offers practical advantages for paediatric care. These findings position Cefixime medicated lollipops as a patient-friendly and efficient alternative to conventional paediatric dosage forms. It is recommended that further clinical studies be conducted to determine their effectiveness and safety in real-world paediatric settings.

This study focuses on the preparation and evaluation of prolonged-release acyclovir (ACV)-loaded mucoadhesive microcapsules using the emulsion solvent evaporation technique with sodium CMC as a mucoadhesive and rate-retarding polymer. The microcapsules exhibited a high yield (92.67–97.85%), drug entrapment efficiency (72.79–92.17%), and mucoadhesion (62–73%). Particle size ranged between 250 µm (F1) and 302 µm (F4), increasing with polymer concentration. In vitro drug release studies conducted in pH 1.2 phosphate buffer revealed an inverse relationship between polymer concentration and release rate. Smaller microcapsules (F1) demonstrated faster drug release (95% in 12 hours), while larger microcapsules (F4) showed sustained release (55% in 12 hours). These insights underscore the importance of optimizing particle size to achieve desired therapeutic outcomes. This study provides valuable data for the development of tailored microcapsule formulations, improving the efficacy and compliance of ACV therapy.

Diabetes mellitus, the most common long-term metabolic disease, is characterized by abnormalities in either insulin action or secretion, or both. A serious public health issue is the substantial morbidity and death of late-diabetic complications. The World Health Organisation (WHO) states that the lack of ability of current modern therapies to control all pathological aspects of diabetes mellitus, their high cost, and their limited availability for many rural populations in developing countries make alternative strategies urgently needed. Measured as a metabolic regulator of insulin activity was glucose. Diabetic individuals are known to have impaired glucose homeostasis and elevated plasma glucose. The current study found that when Diospyros melanoxylon leaves (DML) and Ficus racemose leaves (FRL) extracts were given to diabetic rats, the levels of GlyHb and plasma glucose were recovered, and insulin, C-peptide, and Hb parameters were elevated. Diabetic rats also had reduced levels of insulin, C-peptide, and Hb when compared to normal control rats. An important observation of antidiabetic efficacy was made for the DML and FRL extracts. On the last day, diabetic control was significantly different from both normal control and other drug-treated groups (DRL and FRL). The groups’ differences on the first day were significant at the 0.05 level. The current investigation showed that the direct destruction of ß-cells by streptozotocin caused diabetes. The diabetic pancreas with streptozotocin ultra-structure revealed significantly fewer islets langerhans and deficient islets. There was pancreatic islet regeneration in the diabetic rats. The ability of DML and FRL variety extract to regenerate pancreatic cells through the exocrine cells of the pancreas may shed light on the beneficial effects of these agents on insulin production.

The present study discusses about the quality by design (QbD) based formulation development and characterization of delayed release beads for better management of Nocturnal Asthma. Ionotropic gelation technique was used to create Budisonide-loaded pectin-alginate beads, and calcium chloride was added as a crosslinking agent. The central composite design model was used to optimize the beads. The response of beads was 91.9861 % for loading efficiency, 0.998 mm for bead size, and 360 min for time required for 90% drug release. The optimal formulation variables for a formulation were found to be 4.14 mg of pectin, 1.82 mg of alginate, 14.36% of CaCl₂, and 5.99 hours of cross-linking time. PEC-ALG beads showed no release in 0.1 N HCl (pH 1.2). In contrast, increased Ca²⁺ and Na⁺ ion exchange as well as solvent penetration into the pectin-alginate network have been linked to the quick release from cross-linked beads in phosphate buffer pH 7.4. FTIR results showed that there was no interaction between the medication and the polymers, as evidenced by the significant peaks of BUD detected in the beads. An in vitro study of the toxicity of beads on A549 cell lines revealed significantly higher cell viability than the group of cells treated with pure BUD.BUD loaded PEC-ALG beads could have potential for chrono modulated delivery system for targeting nocturnal asthma.

The study targets to develop and evaluate nanoparticles loaded with Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn stem extracts for its cardioprotective activity. The Nyctanthes-arbor-tristis Linn stem was extracted by continuous hot percolation method using the soxhlet apparatus and subjected to phytochemical evaluation. Nanoparticles was developed by precipitation technique with zinc nitrate and sodium hydroxide and characterized by laser light transmission test, scanning electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. The safety profile was performed as per OECD 423 guidelines. The cardioprotective activity of novel nano-formulation has been investigated by in-vivo doxorubicin induced cardiotoxicity in rats. The percentage yield of Nyctanthes-arbor-tristis Linn stem extract was found to be 6.2% w/w and revealed the presence of various primary and secondary metabolites. The particle size of nanoparticles was in the range of 58.59 – 79.58nm with zeta potential value -37.38 and In-vitro drug release was 99.14%. Acute toxicity study didn’t show any toxicity and mortality. Hence 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg where selected for further studies. Nano formulation showed significant reduction in the cardiac biomarkers in the doxorubicin induced cardiotoxicity. ECG showed normal cardiac rhythm and histopathological study shown a normal architecture of the cardiac tissue in nanoparticle loaded Nyctanthes arbor tristis Linn extract treated animals. Based on the results obtained, the nanoparticle loaded Nyctanthes arbor tristis Linn stem extract found to have significant cardioprotective activity.

Vildagliptin is an Anti-hyperglycemic drug. This study was based on fabrication and evaluation of Vildagliptin loaded microspheres by ionotropic gelation method. Overall six batches of microspheres with sodium alginate and guar gum microspheres had been composed and evaluated for particle size measurement with digital microscope, percentage yield, swelling index, determination of drug entrapment, scanning electron microscopic image, In Vitro release study of drug and release kinetics. Novelty of this study is use of different concentrations of counter ion solution and comparing improvement in drug diffusion. Evaluation studies showed that particle sizes of microspheres ranged within 0.7 to 1.1 mm, as well as scanning electron microscopy also showed good reports. Highest percentage yield was achieved for F1 that was 88.17 %. Swelling indexes were promising for all batches but the highest value noticed for F2. Drug entrapment efficiency results showed a way up value for F5. Drug release kinetic results for all six formulations indicated notable responses for Korsmeyer Peppas and Higuchi Model rather than other models. F1 gave the most mesmerizing report for Korsmeyer Peppas and Higuchi Model with diffusion controlled mechanism.

A very important stage in developing and preserving the quality of any pharmaceutical drug product is validation. Drug product validation creates the written proof that offers a high level of certainty that a manufacturing process will reliably provide a product with predefined standards and quality features. Studying the process performance certification of the drug product Itraconazole Capsules 100 mg Immediate Release Capsule dosage form was the primary goal of my research. The research conducted here guarantees that the production process is appropriate for the intended use and that the final product continuously satisfies predefined requirements and quality standards. Sifting, dry mixing, wet granulation, drying, sizing, blending, lubrication, capsule filling, packing, and analysis of in-process tests and final product are only a few of the processes in the production process that are covered in depth. This study used developmental research to identify Critical Process Parameters (CPPs) that were involved in sifting, dry mixing, wet granulation, drying, sizing, blending, and capsule filling. The CPPs were then assessed during the process validation study. All of the critical quality attributes (also known as critical control parameters) were monitored during this process, including blend uniformity (BU), water content, blend physical characteristics, capsule physical parameters, description, water content (final product), dissolution, dosage unit uniformity, assay, degradation products, and microbiological examination. Following discussion and analysis of the analytical data, it may be said that this manufacturing process can reliably produce a product that satisfies its predefined specifications and quality features. As a result, the medicinal product’s manufacturing method has been verified and is suitable for regular production of 100 mg Itraconazole Capsules.

Dermal drug delivery systems (DDS) offer a promising route for localized and systemic therapy, bypassing gastrointestinal degradation and first-pass metabolism. However, formulating effective DDS poses significant challenges due to the complex barrier function of the skin, particularly the stratum corneum, and the critical influence of a drug’s physicochemical properties. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of formulation challenges in dermal drug delivery, focusing on several key physicochemical properties such as lipophilicity, molecular weight, solubility, pKa, and chemical stability that dictate drug absorption, bioavailability, and therapeutic efficacy. By synthesizing data from over 200 research papers published in the last five years, this review identifies key trends, innovations, and persistent challenges in optimizing DDS. Lipophilicity and molecular weight were found to significantly impact skin permeability, with moderately lipophilic drugs (logP 2-4) and molecules below 500 Da showing optimal absorption profiles. Poorly soluble drugs exhibited low bioavailability unless advanced formulation strategies like nanoemulsions, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), and microneedles were employed to enhance solubility and penetration. Similarly, drugs with pKa values close to the skin’s pH demonstrated superior permeability, emphasizing the importance of pH-optimized formulations. Stability concerns, particularly for drugs prone to oxidation or crystallization, were effectively mitigated using lipid-based carriers and amorphous solid dispersions, which improved both solubility and shelf life. The review highlights the role of viscosity, surface tension, and thermal properties in determining drug release and penetration in various DDS formulations. Nanotechnological advancements, such as the use of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) and microneedles, offer promising solutions for delivering larger or more challenging molecules, including peptides and proteins. Finally, the use of magnetically responsive nanoparticles presents new opportunities for controlled drug release but requires further research to address stability and reactivity concerns. This review concludes by outlining the current gaps in the understanding of the physicochemical factors influencing DDS and suggests future research directions aimed at improving drug permeability, stability, and bioavailability. Addressing these challenges through advanced formulation techniques will be critical for enhancing the clinical efficacy of dermal drug delivery systems.

Background: The preparation of some novel 3, 5-disubstituted isoxazole derivatives of dibromochalcones is encouraged by the study. When hydroxylamine hydrochloride and α-β chalcone dibromide combine, a new technique for synthesizing 3,5-disubstituted isoxazoles is produced. Bromine or N-BromoSuccinimide can be used to produce compounds with low polarity like carbon tetrachloride, chloroform and dichloromethane; however the product obtained are very little. Tetrabutylammonium tribromide (TBABr3), thus, induces chalcones to bromate regioselectively and produces a high yield without polymerisation. TBABr3 is not toxic or corrosive, unlike bromine, and it is simple to utilise in mild circumstances. Tetrabutyl ammonium bromide and sodium bromide are dissolved in an aqueous solution at room temperature, then hydrobromic acid is added to create TBABr3.Motivated by the aforementioned information, we intended to create further isoxazole derivatives and assess their ability to reduce inflammation. Focused on a range of 3,5-disubstituted isoxazole derivatives of α-β dibromochalcones, the current study was created by reacting α-β dibromochalcones with hydroxylamine hydrochloride.Methods: Tetrabutyl Ammonium Tribromide (TBABr3) was used to react with the corresponding chalcones to produce a high yield of α-β dibromochalcones that are regioselectively brominated without polymerisation. After this characterization, antioxidant and pharmacological qualities were assessed.Results: Many 3,5-disubstituted isoxazoles were created by reacting hydroxylamine hydrochloride with chalcone dibromides. The substances were all characterized using elemental analysis, NMR, and IR. The product’s infrared spectra revealed that the carbonyl group’s peak at 1680 cm–1 was absent. A strong singlet at δ = 8.1 ppm was seen in the 1H NMR spectra. This single proton corresponded to the C (3)-H of the isoxazole ring. The ability of antioxidants to scavenge free radicals was assessed using DPPH.Conclusion: Comparing the compounds V5I5 and V7I7 to the standard, they showed modest antioxidant activity. When the synthetic compounds were evaluated for their pharmacological activities, substances V2I2 and V4I4 outperformed the reference.

This paper focuses on the phytoconstituents contained in herbal plant extracts and presents them in the form of a herbal microgel with an aim to target rheumatoid arthritis. The study starts from the collection, followed by authentication of the selected medicinal plant, extraction through solvents of the whole plant, and simultaneous phytochemical analysis performed with morphological characterization of the selected extract. The consequent phase forms a specialized gel formulation employing synthetic polymers. The prepared herbal microgel is put through comprehensive evaluation that would include the study of short-term stability as per ICH guidelines No: Q1A. This research offers a promising approach towards an effective and natural remedy for rheumatoid arthritis.

Background and Objective: Anxiety is a widespread mental illness that impacts millions of individuals globally. The investigation of safe and effective treatments for anxiety disorders is vital due to their substantial impact on world health. There is hope for the creation of new anxiolytic treatments through the use of traditional medicinal plants. The objective of this study was to assess the anxiolytic properties of a polyherbal formulation made up of nine medicinal plants that have been shown to have potential uses in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Methods: Wistar albino rats were given a polyherbal formulation that included Withania somnifera, Bacopa monnieri, Nardostachys jatamansi, Centella asiatica, Matricaria recutita, Rhodiola rosea, Crocus sativus, Lavandula spp., and Albizia julibrissin. Different behavioral tests, including as the elevated plus maze, the light and dark box test, and the social interaction test, were used to evaluate the formulation’s anxiolytic effects. Four groups of twenty-four healthy Wistar albino rats were given varying dosages of the test formulation. The formulation’s anxiolytic activity was assessed by recording and analyzing behavioral reactions. Result: The results of the study showed that rats given the polyherbal formulation showed much better behavioral responses in every test. Strong anxiolytic effects were evident in the rats given the maximum dosage of the formulation, as they showed a significant increase in social contact, a preference for open arms in the elevated plus maze, and a decreased aversion to light areas in the light and dark box test. Conclusion: Anxiolytic activity of the polyherbal formulation in Wistar albino rats was positive, indicating that it may be useful in treating anxiety disorders. These results add to the increasing amount of data that supports the use of herbal remedies to treat anxiety and emphasize the need for more studies to fully investigate the therapeutic potential of formulations containing many herbs.

Tizanidine hydrochloride is widely used as a muscle relaxant as 2-6 mg tablet formulation which content 1-Acetyl-2-imidazolidinone as a genotoxic impurity. In this study, an RP-HPLC method was successfully developed and validated in accordance with regulatory requirements for determining 1-Acetyl-2-imidazolidinone in Tizanidine hydrochloride formulation. The sample preparation method is easy and free of toxic solvents. 215 nm observed as λ_maxin scanning. The developed method is strictly linear in the range of 1.04-0.16µg/ml. The method was highly précised and robust. The proposed RP-HPLC method is suitable for both the qualitative and quantitative analysis of 1-Acetyl-2-imidazolidinone in Tizanidine hydrochloride formulations.

Menopause, caused by decreased ovarian function and estrogen levels, can cause a variety of physical and emotional symptoms. A decrease in estrogen increases the risk of chronic conditions such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and osteoporosis. Atrophy of the endometrium decreased glandular numbers and thinning of the endometrial layer are characterized during menopause, which also increases the risk of postmenopausal bleeding. In addition, the decrease in estrogen also contributes to the thinning of the vaginal epithelium and changes in pH, increasing the risk of vaginal infections. Menopause is also associated with weight changes and the risk of other phenotypic changes. Although hormone replacement therapy (HRT) can help, it has risks, such as breast cancer. The use of phytoestrogens from plants such as red beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) is a safe alternative treatment.Objective: This study aimed to determine the effect of red bean extract (P. vulgaris L) on IL-6 levels, vaginal pH, number of endometrial glands and body weight in male rats model of menopauseMethod: This study used a true experimental design with pre and post-test control group design. This study was conducted on female rats (Rattus norvegicus) Wistar strain menopausal model by dividing into control groups; ovariectomy group, standard estradiol treatment group, and three treatment groups of red bean extract (P. vulgaris L) at doses of 35 mg/200 gBW, 70 mg/200 gBW, and 140 mg/200 gBW. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels, vaginal pH, number of endometrial glands and rat body weight were observed in the study. Result: Red bean extract (P. vulgaris L) can significantly improve IL-6 levels, vaginal ph, number of endometrial glands and body weight of rats with menopausal models (p < 0.05). In lowering IL-6 levels, the most optimal dose is 70 mg/200 gBW. While in improving the vaginal ph value, number of endometrial glands, and body weight of rats with an optimal menopausal model at a dose of 140 mg/200 gBW. Conclusions: Red bean extract showed significant estrogenic activity as a phytoestrogen, showing that its use can be an alternative in overcoming symptoms due to menopause by being proven to reduce IL-6 levels, lower vaginal pH, increase the number of endometrial glands and reduce weight ovariectomy rats.

With so many medicinal benefits, Tinospora cordifolia is among the most adaptable revitalizing plants. In the present research work, microspheres of Tinospora cordifolia ethanolic extract were formulated by using emulsion solvent diffusion method. Evaluation parameters of the prepared formulation like powder density viz. bulk and tapped density, Hausner’s ratio, percent compressibility and flow properties were checked. Phytochemical evaluation indicated presence of glycosides, alkaloids, tannins, phenols, starch, and sterols in the plant. The purpose of the current investigation was to check the antibacterial efficacy of T.cordifolia microspheres made. The same was achieved by using recommended microbiological strains viz. Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. The prepared formulation exhibited potent antibacterial activity against both bacterial strains.

The goal of this work was to use plant extract from Cryptostegia grandiflora to examine the green production of zinc nanoparticles and their pharmacological evaluation. Green synthesis and other techniques are more advantageous than chemical and physical procedures because they produce nanoparticles in an environmentally responsible and economically viable manner.Method: An ethanolic extract of Cryptostegia grandiflora was obtained through the use of Soxhlet extraction. Additionally, an ethanolic extract of Cryptostegia grandiflora is made using a microwave-assisted process. After mixing plant extract (Cryptostegia grandiflora) with zinc acetate and letting it sit for a while, UV-visible spectroscopy was employed to examine the development of nanoparticles. Nanoparticles were characterized using FTIR and SEM.The nanoparticles had a haphazard, round, and rectangular shape. FTIR studies revealed that phytoconstituents are used to make zinc nanoparticles. Synthesized zinc nanoparticles characterize. Conclusion: Zinc nanoparticles made using green synthesis were demonstrated to have enhanced pharmacological characteristics. It could be applied as a preventative measure against bacteria.

Using the UV-Vis spectrophotometry technique is a simple way to estimate or quantify any pharmacological compounds. Present research focused on development and validation of UV-visible method for feverfew (FFW), chamomile (CMM), and ashwagandha (AGA) flower oils. This method was also applied in conjunction with the UV spectrophotometric analysis of AGA, CMM, and FFW. Method validation parameters revealed that specificity, accuracy, linearity, precision and robustness met the acceptance criteria of ICH standards. It was concluded that developed. UV spectroscopic method proved to be sufficiently precise, robust, linear, and accurate for routine analysis of AGA, CMM, and FFW in polyherbal formulations.

Repaglinide (RPG) and Metformin (MTF) are fast-acting glucose regulators that stimulate insulin release from pancreatic β-cells. Frequent dosing before meals is challenging. This study explores nanoemulsion as a promising carrier for RPG and MTF, aiming for sustained hypoglycemic effects. The drugs were incorporated into the oil phase, enhancing biopharmaceutical properties compared to traditional lipid-based systems. Formulations were chosen with a 5% w/w difference in oil content from the o/w nanoemulsion region. The optimized nanoemulsion to control nanodroplet size, ensure low viscosity, and incorporate distilled water. In vitro dissolution studies revealed that the nanoemulsion had higher drug release, finer droplet size, lower polydispersity, minimal viscosity, and excellent dilution capability compared to existing oral tablets. The optimized Repaglinide (RPG) and Metformin (MTF) nanoemulsion formulation demonstrated a superior hypoglycemic effect over the conventional tablet formulation.

Current study’s objective was to evaluate the disintegration potential of naturally occurring Caesalpinia pulcherrima seedgalactomannan and to chemically modify it for formulation of orally disintegrating tablet formulation. Galactomannan extracted from the Caesalpinia pulcherrima seeds received chemical modification through carboxymethylation in an effort to enhance its hydrophilic nature of galactomannan which enhances disintegration potency.  Carboxymethylated Caesalpinia pulcherrima seed galactomannan synthesized by etherification process by using monochloroacetic acid the titrimetric method was used to measure the extent of substitution. Carboxymethyl modification of galactomannan was analysed by, various methods like Zeta potential measurement, DSC thermogramand FT-IR. Ondansetron ODT were prepared separately using isolated and carboxymethylated Caesalpinia pulcherrima seed galactomannan by incorporating different concentrations such as 2, 4, 6 %. Precompression and post compressional evaluation parameters for formulated batches were compared with two ethical marketed formulations. Modified Caesalpinia pulcherrima seed galactomannan was nearly equivalent to reference formulation in quality testing so this work makes modified galactomannan suitable disintegrating agent in tablet formulation. As a conclusion, it can be said thatcarboxymethylated galactomannan from seeds of Caesalpinia pulcherrima is suitable disintegrating agent for ODTs.

This study focuses on formulation and assessment of catechin-loaded nanoniosomes and their cytotoxicity against HepG2 hepatoma cells. Catechin, a natural antioxidant with potential anticancer properties, has limited clinical use due to its poor bioavailability and stability. Using thin-film hydration approach, nanoniosomes were produced and characterised for encapsulation efficiency, particle size, and zeta potential in order to address these obstacles. cytotoxic activity of catechin-loaded nanoniosomes was assessed on HepG2 cells using MTT assay, and results were compared to free catechin and the chemotherapeutic drug cisplatin. The nanoniosomes demonstrated improved encapsulation efficiency and sustained release properties. Furthermore, catechin-loaded nanoniosomes exhibited significantly enhanced cytotoxicity against HepG2 cells compared to free catechin, and cisplatin. This study highlights the potential of nanoniosomal systems in improving the therapeutic efficacy of catechin for hepatocellular carcinoma treatment.

The aim of the present investigation is to develop formulation, characterization & In-vivo Anti-diabetic Evaluation of Hesperidin Phytosome.  The formulation was prepared using Lecithin 45 mg and cholesterol 15 mg, precisely weighed, were dissolved in 10 ml of chloroform in a round-bottom flask (RBF) and subjected to a 10-minute bath sonication. Organic solvents are removed using a rotary evaporator set to 45–50 degrees Celsius. A thin layer of phospholipid mixture formed after the solvent was completely removed. Hesperidine rotary evaporator was used to hydrate this film for one hour at 37–40°C. Transmission electron microscopy was used to examine the morphology of Phytosomes. After being applied to 400 mesh carbon-coated copper grids, the phytosome dispersions were negatively stained using 1% w/v phosphotungstic acid. The Malvern mastersizer S laser diffraction size analyzer (Malvern Instruments Ltd., UK) was used to examine the phytosomes’ size distribution. Using the methodology previously described in the literature, the in vivo anti-diabetic activity was assessed. Wistar rats weighing 150–200 g were purchased and kept in the Animal House Facility with 12-hour cycles of light and dark. The diagnostic kit (ERBA Diagnostic Mannheim, Germany) in Autoanalyser was used to estimate the biochemical parameters. The F1 and F2 batches were chosen as the optimal formulation and subsequently assessed further based on morphology (digital photos and TEM), particle size, and encapsulation efficiency. Vesicles with sizes ranging from 100 nm to 500 nm were seen under a scanning electron microscope. The F1 and F2 phytosomes had an average size of 109.71 and 133.24 nm, respectively. There was less peripheral widening between the islets and acinar cells (exocrine tissue) in some areas; both cells now appear close to one another, indicating a return to normal. In summary, a formulation based on Phytosomes may be a useful strategy to increase therapeutic efficacy, lower dosage, and enhance dosage regimen. For their anti-diabetic properties to be claimed, more research involving human subjects must be confirmed.

The press coating approach has been employed in the current study; this system involves compressing directly of both core as well as the coat. The procedure is the same: first, we make the core tablet containing drug, diluent, binder, Crospovidone as superdisintegrant for burst release after lag time, glidant, and lubricant in an 8mm die. After that, we get the Eudragit S 100 as polymer in different ratios and divide it into two equal parts, subsequently the lower half is inserted in a cavity in 10mm die followed by core tablet has been placed in the middle, and the other half portion that comprises the coat is filled in the die cavity. Powder’s assessment parameters were judged to be within an appropriate range. Overall, the evaluation results for the core and press-coated tablets passed within acceptable parameters. Optimized batch F7 shows 99.07% drug release. Optimized batches are further evaluated for tests like FTIR, DSC, and Stability study as per standard ICH guidelines. From all result conclude that as per concentration of superdisintegrant increases % drug release also increases after the lag time. Eudragit S 100 acts good lag time polymer release drug only at after pH 7 means colon target was done hence successfully pulsatile drug delivery was performed.

In Ayurveda, herbal remedies are an essential component of treatment. Correct botanical identification becomes the most important requirement for their appropriate clinical use. Over 80% of people worldwide rely on traditional medicine for their primary medical treatment, according to the WHO. ‘Herbal medicines’ are safer than expensive synthetic treatments, which is the fundamental reason for the rising interest in plant-derived medications. Various plant varieties are described in ancient classical literature according to their flower colors, sizes, and shapes. A plant (family: Asclapiadacea) is shrub has long been used to cure a variety of illnesses, including as hepatic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory conditions. The pharmacological potential has not yet been thoroughly investigated. The plant’s leaf has not been studied for its anti-paralysis properties, according to a critical analysis. The goal of the current study is to screen for phytochemicals and prepare herbal oil for formulation and standardization of essential phytochemical of calotropis gigantean oil by conventional hydro distillation method, which is a somewhat difficult process that calls for extra caution with regard to ingredient proportions, heating methods, and temperature. Additional chromatographic estimation was performed on the Calotropis gigantean Oil formulation and it has set the standard as novel formulas for the treatment of paralysis diseases.

Brain fog is a non-medical term that describes a feeling of mental confusion or lack of mental clarity. This research aims to evaluate the efficacy of Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica) extract in managing cognitive function and alleviating brain fog in individuals diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The objective of this study was to find out how well gotu kola (Centella asiatica) extract works at enhancing brain function as well as reducing brain fog. Ethanolic extract of Gotu Kola is obtained from leaves of Centella asiatica.

Objective of current investigation is extraction and chemical modification of seed polysaccharide from seeds of Cassia sophera. Isolated and modified polysaccharide was evaluated for phytochemical investigation, degree of thiol group substitution, FTIR, DSC, XRD, Zeta Potential. Ondansetron hydrochloride, was selected for formulation of mucoadhesive buccal tablet consisting natural and thiolated seed polysaccharide. The study investigated the physicochemical characteristics of extracted and modified seed polysaccharide as a suitable mucoadhesive agent When comparing modified and untreated tablets, the ones with the strongest mucoadhesive strength were those whose concentrations of modified polymer rose with time. Mucoadhesive ondansetron tablets are made in this study by using thiolated Cassia sophera to treat emesis. The formulation has been manufactured successfully and exhibits optimal drug release to yield the intended therapeutic effects.

In this present work very simple, highly rapid, highly accurate as well as more precise gradient RP-HPLC process is developed also validated to separate foreign substances (IMP) present in Erythromycin (ERT-A) tablets pharma dosage form. Chromatographic disengagement is drifting out on WatersX-Terra RP 18 (250 mm x 4.6 mm I.D., 3.5 µm particle size) at 65°C is recycled to this separation. Mobile Phase-A consists of Buffer solution which is prepared by taking 35.0000g of di-potassium hydrogen phosphate in 1000.00mL of triple distilled water.  pH is noted at 7.0 by using dilute O-phosphoric acid, purified over 0.45 µm membrane filter) acetonitrile as well as water in ratio of 5v: 35v:60v Phosphate buffer pH 7.0, water and acetonitrile in ratio of 5v:45v:50v is used as mobile Phase-B.  The rate of flow and injection volume was 1.00mL/min and 100.00μL respectively. Analysis is lugged out beneath gradient circumstances includes time in min./A (v/v):  B(v/v); T0/100:00, T45/100:00, T47/0:100, T63/0:100, T65/100:00, and T70/100:00. 215 nm is the wavelength. The ERT-A degrades under different circumstances. Total degradation substances are well resolved by observed peaks from ERT. This process is observed as linear.  The cumulative %RSD values are identified, found that they are within the range.  By utilizing this analysis revealed that this process is more accurate, highly specific, more selective, highly precise, robust, and also useful in development of process as well as quality check in flawless dosage form manufacture.

This study focused on designing paracetamol immediate release (IR) layers using three disintegrants- Banana starch (BS), Sodium starch glycolate (SSG), and Croscarmellose sodium (CCS)- at concentrations of 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% (w/w).A total of 24 formulations are prepared: 12 via direct compression (IL1-IL12) and 12 via wet granulation (IL13-IL24). Pre-compression properties (bulk density: 0.45-0.48 g/cm³, tapped density: 0.55-0.60 g/cm³, Carr’s index: 11.8%-20%, Hausner’s ratio: 1.22-1.25) and post-compression parameters (weight variation: 0.9%-1.6%, hardness: 5.45-5.6kg/cm², friability: 0.1%-0.4%, in vitro wetting time: 1.44-4.4 minutes, in vitro disintegration time: 1.4-4.4 minutes were within acceptable limits. Direct compression formulations exhibited superior dissolution rates, with fold enhancements of 1.22 (BS), 1.23 (SSG), and 1.18 (CCS) compared to wet granulation. Formulations IL4, IL8, and IL12 (8% disintegrant, direct compression) demonstrated optimal dissolution and mechanical properties, making them the final IR layers selected for sustained release (SR) tablet design. These findings support their potential application in fever management in conditions such as COVID-19.

In the formulation of Orodispersible tablets, process parameters were checked to ensure consistent tablet quality, including factors like uniformity in size, shape, and coating. Monitoring these parameters helps optimize disintegration, dissolution, and hardness, ensuring the tablet meets its intended release profile and complies with regulatory standards. In this research, process validation for drying time, prelubrication time, lubrication time, hardness and % weight gain parameters were checked. Drying time was set as 20 min, 25 min and 30 min, Prelubrication time was set as 8 min, 10 min and 12 min and lubrication time was set as 1 min, 3 min and 5 min. Evaluation was done for the optimum selection of these parameters which affects the dissolution, disintegration, assay and LOD. In this research, three validation batches were taken amongst batch F2 showed the results in acceptable range. Disintegration time for the batch F2 was found in acceptable range i.e 1min 23 sec. % weight check was determined during coating of the tablets and it was found is acceptable range. Optimum hardness was selected which was15 to 17 kp, For F2 it was found to be16.56±0.6 The dissolution for the batches observed in the acceptable ranges amongst F2 showed maximum release it may be due to optimum selection of the hardness, % weight gain lubrication time and prelubrication time. F2 batch was found to be stable for 3 months at accelerated condition and long-term conditions.

The proposed work was aimed to Development and evaluation of a nanotechnology based formulation of oxaprozin. The preformulation studies for the chosen medication Oxaprozin include IR spectroscopy, melting point determination, and physical appearance analysis as methods of identification. It can be inferred from the Eudragit S-100 DSC overlay thermogram of the physical mixture and the pure drug demonstrates that the drug and excipients do not interact. According to Oxaprozin’s UV spectra, the drug exhibits absorbances, with the highest absorbance occurring at 285 nm when the solution is made in methanol. Homogenicity, particle size, pH, drug content, in vitro drug release, skin irritation test, spreadability, extrudability, and viscosity were all optimized in the formulation of the nanogel. The drug content (±SD 98.9 ± 0.02), in vitro drug release (%), and spreadability (g.cm/s) of the optimized F7 formulation are 95.85 ± 0.0658 and 6.5 ± 0.3, respectively. 281 ± 0.5 is the extrudability (g). The viscosity of in cp at 50 (rpm) 9857 were found.

Introduction: One of the neurodegenerative disorders that causes irreversible mild cognitive impairment is Alzheimer’s disease(AD). As AD becomes more prevalent, the need for the development of innovative technologies and medications to prevent and treat neurodegeneration becomes increasingly critical. The plant Peperomia pellucida possesses neuroprotective properties. Material & Methods: Invitro Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory Activity performed in Peperomia pellucida extract and insilico evaluations conducted using online tools such as Autodock, PASS, Swiss ADME, and ProTox-II.Result: Peperomia pellucida ethanolic extract inhibits cholinesterase more effectively than other extracts, according to the present invitro investigation. Acacetin, Isovitexin, and Apigenin are the significant flavonoids found in Peperomia pellucida. The effectiveness of these flavonoids against Alzheimer’s disease was proven by insilico and toxicity profile studies.Conclusion: Acacetin and Apigenin exhibit comparable docking scores to Isovitexin, whereas the former demonstrates superior results in ADME parameters and safety. The potential therapeutic applications of flavonoid constituents derived from Peperomia pellucida for Alzheimer’s disease are underscored in this work.

Co-processed excipient (CPE) are widely recognized for their ability to enhance the functional properties of pharmaceutical formulations, providing superior performance compared to unprocessed physical mixtures. They improve flowability and compactibility when combined with active pharmaceutical ingredients (API). In this study, Design of Experiments (DoE) was employed to revisit the spray-dried production of CPEs composed of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), lactose (LAC), and povidone (POV). The responses evaluated were compressibility index (CI), hardness, yield, and moisture content (MC). A mixture design was utilized to assess the interactions between these excipients and their effects on the responses, with response surface methodology (RSM) used to model the data via Design-Expert software. The optimization process identified an optimal formulation composed of 90% MCC and 10% POV, achieving a hardness value of 7.39 kgf, CI of 30.37%, MC of 3.73%, and a yield of 57.97%. This study demonstrates that DoE can be effectively utilized to develop promising CPE formulations.

This research study aims to develop and characterize of polymeric sustained release microspheres of Nateglinide (NTG), anti-diabetic drug known for its shorter half-life, which leads to poor bioavailability and frequent dosing. NTG polymeric microsphere developed by Emulsion-Solvent Diffusion-Evaporation method. Ethyl cellulose was used as rate retarding material. The polymeric microsphere were characterised for % yield, encapsulation efficiency, drug release, FTIR, and SEM. The developed NTG polymeric microspheres were smooth and spherical with porous nature and showed entrapment efficiency in range of 59.43% – 88.47 % with highest percent yield of 98.75%. FTIR spectra showed drug excipient compatibility while optimized formulation F5 showed complete drug release up to 24 hrs. These results indicate that NTG microspheres offer a safe and effective drug delivery system with prolonged release, which can enhance bioavailability, improve patient compliance, and reduce dosing frequency.

The fabrication of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) through green synthesis techniques with Pimenta dioica extract, focusing on the effects of extract proportion, reaction time, temperature, pH, and stirring speed (RPM) on nanoparticle properties. The aim is to identify optimal conditions for producing IONPs with desirable characteristics for biomedical applications. The process involved combining extract, FeCl2 (Ferric chloride) and FeSO₄ (ferrous sulphate) with 25% ammonia, then subjecting to calcination. The properties of the obtained nanoparticles were assessed, including particle size, zeta potential, thermal stability, magnetization, entrapment efficiency, and drug release. Optimal conditions were found to be a 2:1 extract proportion, 2-3 hours synthesis time, 60-80°C temperature, pH of 10-11, and 900 RPM. Under these conditions, the IONPs exhibited small particle sizes, high thermal stability, high magnetization, and high drug release rates. This study highlights the potential of Pimenta dioica extract in the green synthesis of IONPs, providing insights for optimizing nanoparticle synthesis for medical applications.

Cancer is a leading cause of mortality globally. The rising incidence of cancer worldwide has presented a significant challenge to healthcare practitioners. The primary forms of cancer are associated with elevated mortality rates. Cancer therapies encompass surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, and immunotherapy; chemotherapy remains the primary modality. For many decades, the predominant method of chemotherapy has been intravenous drug delivery, which presents disadvantages such as safety concerns, discomfort, and suboptimal patient compliance. Conversely, oral medication has numerous advantages, including ease of administration, enhanced safety, and greater patient acceptance. In this study, we have developed a unique lipid-based drug delivery system for methotrexate and paclitaxel to enhance their bioavailability and efficacy. Methotrexate and Paclitaxel had the highest accumulation in the spleen, liver, and kidney, which may facilitate enhanced drug delivery in small cell carcinoma, hence improving efficacy. Methotrexate and Paclitaxel had the highest accumulation in the spleen, liver, and kidneys, which may facilitate improved drug delivery in small cell cancer.

Rising medicine costs adversely affects the access to healthcare and the economic status of households. Branded medicines are priced significantly higher than their generic equivalents (identical therapeutic value), even after the patent expiry. With governments pushing for greater adoption of generics, price remains the critical factor. Objective: To understand the status of research into the ‘Pharmacoeconomics’ of generic medicine and test the fundamental premise of unbranded generic drugs being cheaper than branded drugs by conducting a comprehensive cost analysis in the Indian situation. Methods: A qualitative analysis of the top-cited Scopus-indexed research papers published since Covid 19 (2020) has been carried, to understand the status of research into the ‘Pharmacoeconomics’ of generics, using VOSviewer (version 1.6.10). Quantitative cost analysis of branded drugs against their ‘cost-effective’ unbranded counterparts (generics) has been performed using current prices of drugs (solo-formulations) across the top 5 therapeutic categories. Results: The bibliometric analysis indicates a strong positive association between volume of research and the adoption of generic medicine in a country. Though the fundamental premise of unbranded generic drugs being cheaper has been validated by and large, the possibility of it being vitiated is not ruled out. Highest cost variation was found in cardiology, respiratory and anti-diabetic segments. Conclusions: India needs to increase its research and cross linkages in the domain of generic medicine to increase awareness and thereby adoption of generic medicine. Special attention needs to be paid on improving the efficiency and quality of local generic manufacturing plants to ensure cost effectiveness of generics.

This work investigates the optimization of nanoemulgel by analyzing their viscosity and spreadability properties. The findings demonstrate a negative association between the concentration of the polymer and the spreadability, while the viscosity rises with an increase in the polymer content. As an example, formulation F1 exhibited a viscosity of 62,035 ± 10 mPa•S and a notable spreadability value of 38 ± 1. In contrast, formulations F3 and F4, which had viscosities of 92,345 ± 9 and 97,654 ± 10 mPa•S, respectively, showed insufficient capacity to spread. The improved formulation, F2, had an ideal viscosity of 66,098 ± 6 mPa•S and outstanding spreadability of 37 ± 1. Carbopol 974 and other gelling agents have a substantial impact on the physical properties of nanoemulgels, such as their texture, ability to stick to surfaces, ability to expand, and how they release drugs. The compatibility between the essential oils and the formulation was confirmed using FTIR analysis, which maintained the individual peaks of the components without any interactions.The drug content study showed that cinnamon oil had a high incorporation efficiency of 95.20 ± 1.5%, whereas olive oil had an incorporation efficiency of 93.32 ± 2.6%. The entrapment efficiencies were remarkable, averaging 96.23% for cinnamaldehyde and 97.78% for olive oil. In in vitro release tests, Franz diffusion cells demonstrated sustained release characteristics for both oils over a 24-hour period. The nanoemulgel’s mucoadhesive strength, quantified at 41.3 N/cm², ensures prolonged adherence to mucosal surfaces, facilitating the efficient administration of medications. The stability trials done over a three-month period at varied temperatures and humidity levels proved the formulation’s durability. These experiments did not lead to any significant alterations in the drug release patterns or physical attributes. These results highlight the capability of nanoemulgel that have been tuned for the administration of topical medications.

Dutasteride is a BCS Class II medication that is frequently employed in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. It has limited solubility and strong penetration. Nevertheless, using it frequently results in side effects like sexual dysfunction and urination problems. This work aims to decrease these side effects by developing a novel delivery system entitled Nano-Structured Lipid Carriers (NLCs) that will maintain the expulsion of dutasteride, potentially boosting their therapeutic efficiency while minimizing unwanted effects. This study details the construction of a unique NLC composition with two different variables at three levels using a design of experiments (3² factorial layouts) and pseudo-ternary phase diagrams. Following the design phase, the right proportions of water, Omix, and surfactant were chosen to create several DUT-NLC formulations using the Hot Melt-Emulsification Ultrasonication Technique. Among the techniques used to evaluate the formulations were analyses of particle sizes, zeta potency measurement, polydispersity index (PDI) assessment, the use of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), differentiation scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), release kinetics, as stability testing, and in vitro cytotoxicity analysis. The design, advancement, & characterization of a novel NLC composition are described in this paper. 7% (Omix) and 20% (Surfactant concentration) were the optimized batch parameters, resulting in an 81% mean Percentage EE, a zeta potential value of -37.5 MV, and an average particle size of 109.3 nanometers. Further in vitro cytotoxicity tests employing PC3 cell lines showed that the created system was more efficient because IC50 values in DUT-NLCS treated cells were lower than in pure drug-treated cells. The experiment revealed that surfactant (Omix) and water phases had a significant effect on the physicochemical features of NLCs. Based on the results of an in vitro cytotoxicity research (MTT Assay), it appears that the suggested formulation has a higher cytotoxic effect on cancer cells. With notable anticancer benefits and long-term release, DUT-NLCs show great promise for a drug delivery technology that may lessen systemic adverse effects in clinical circumstances when DUT dosages are lower.

The present research work aimed to develop biocompatible, prolonged-release lemon grass oil (LGO) loaded organogel with an enhanced antifungal activity using 3-factor 2-level full factorial design approach. Viscosity (cP), Spredability (gm. cm/sec), and the time at which 90–100% diffusion occurred (hours) were chosen as dependent variables, while Span 80, Tween 80, and Carbopol 934 concentrations were regarded as independent variables. The developed organogel formulations were characterized for color, texture, pH, assay, viscosity, diffusion, spredability, and antifungal activity. The results of the study showed that each independent variable had a substantial impact on the dependent variables (p<0.05). All organogel formulations were found to be pale yellow with smooth to viscous texture. The pH of the gels (5.61 ± 0.05 to 5.82 ± 0.05) was found to be compatible with the skin pH. The assay/drug content (97.10 to 101.81) of organogels was also found within an acceptable range. The spredability and viscosity parameters were also found to be satisfactory. Nearly 9–12 hours were required for 90-100% diffusion of the LGO from organogel formulation. Excellent prolonged release behavior was observed in almost all formulation batches. In comparison to the marketed formulation, the F4-optimized formulation showed significantly prolonged release behavior. The viscosity in all batches varied from 2548 (F6) to 3555 cP (F2) while the spredability ranged between 9.32 (F2) to 13.84 gm. cm/sec. The optimized batch of organogel (F4) showed the highest antifungal activity based on zone of inhibition (32 mm) followed by Clindac A 1% gel and Nystatin as standard. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the successful development of LGO-loaded prolonged-release organogel with enhanced antifungal activity.

Background: Manidipine Hydrochloride (MND) is a long-acting dihydropyridine-type calcium antagonist and antihypertensive drug categorized under the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) Class II. Despite its therapeutic benefits, MND suffers from poor physicochemical and biological properties due to its high lipophilicity and low aqueous solubility, which pose challenges to formulation and drug delivery. Improving the solubility of such hydrophobic drugs is crucial for enhancing their bioavailability. While conventional methods for solubility enhancement exist, drug nanocrystal systems have emerged as a promising approach for addressing solubility issues in poorly soluble drugs.Objective: To formulate and evaluate nanocrystals of MND using spray-drying technology to enhance its solubility and address limitations associated with its hydrophobicity.Method: MND nanocrystals were prepared using a spray-drying technique, a cost-effective and scalable method that converts liquid formulations into dry powder through atomization and drying processes. The spray-dried nanocrystals were characterized by their particle size, morphology, solubility, and dissolution rate. Comparative studies evaluated the solubility enhancement achieved with the nanocrystals versus raw MND.Result: The nanocrystals demonstrated a significant reduction in particle size and enhanced surface area, resulting in improved aqueous solubility and dissolution rates compared to raw MND. Spray-drying facilitated the uniform formation of nanocrystals, ensuring better dispersion and dissolution performance.Conclusion: Spray-dried MND nanocrystals proved to be a viable strategy for overcoming solubility and bioavailability challenges. This approach offers a promising avenue for enhancing the clinical efficacy of poorly soluble drugs like MND.

The healing potential of a topically applied extract derived from the bark of Ziziphus jujuba was assessed using both incision and excision wound models in albino rats over 20 days. For this study, the rats were categorized into four distinct groups, each group receiving ongoing treatment with 0.5%, 1%, and methanolic extract of Ziziphus jujuba, applied at a dosage of mg/cm2. The test duration encompassed 20 days, during which the diameter of the wounds was measured on days 0, 8, 12, 16, and 20^th. Additionally, biopsies were collected from two rats within each group. The findings of the study highlighted that the administration of the lower-dose group of methanolic extract of Ziziphus jujuba (E1 0.5% w/w) was associated with a significant (p< 0.01) reduction in wound area. Moreover, the histopathological assessment also corroborated this observation. Notably, during the second and third weeks of the study, the tissues exhibited significant (p< 0.01) improvement in comparison to most other groups. Interestingly, the group treated with a higher dose of the methanolic extract of Ziziphus jujuba (E2 1% w/w) displayed the most substantial wound shrinkage and organization. This suggests that the application of the higher extract concentration led to more pronounced wound contraction and enhanced tissue organization.

Pomegranate, or Punica granatum L. (Lythraceae), is a plant with a variety of pharmacological characteristics. Also, pomegranate peel’s medicinal potential appears to be multifaceted due to its rich content of phenolic and flavonoid compounds. The study’s objective was to create phytosomes of pomegranate peel extract to get over the drawback of low bioavailability. The phytosomes of pomegranate peel extract were developed by an antisolvent precipitation technique using soya lecithin as a lipid and n-hexane as an antisolvent. The formed phytosomes were examined for particle size, zeta potential, incorporation efficiency, and In-vitro dissolution study. The chemical and thermal stability of phytosomes were studied using FTIR analysis and Differential Scanning calorimetry. Pomegranate peel extract and phytosome formulation were also examined for oral acute toxicity study and antidiabetic study in low dose and high dose concentration. On the 28^th day of treatment blood glucose level, cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides were examined. The encapsulation efficiency of the optimized formulation was 86.37±0.21% with a particle size of 953.0±34.1nm. The production of phytosomes is verified by SEM pictures of the formulation. FTIR and DSC studies showed no interaction. The in vitro dissolution study showed 87.66±2.15% CDR which is greater than the peel extract 42.73±0.29% CDR. During the acute toxicity study, the animals’ mortality was assessed, and no reported deaths were noted. There is a substantial decline in the amounts of glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides observed when treated with bioactive extract and phytosomes. Evaluation results of phytosomes suggest that bioavailability can be improved by phytosome formulation. Also, Formulation can give effective results against diabetic conditions.

This study aimed to optimize Clotrimazole-loaded microsponges using a 4²factorial design, incorporating ethyl cellulose and natural gum derived from Onosma Bracteatum leaves. The microsponges were formulated using an emulsion solvent diffusion method, with ethyl cellulose concentration and natural gum concentration as independent variables. DSC and FTIR spectroscopy confirmed that clotrimazole has good compatibility with excipients and excellent interactions and stability. Spherical microsponges were seen to have a porous surface using scanning electron microscopy. The optimized formulation demonstrated a particle size of 74.55 ± 1.07 μm, entrapment efficiency of 62.52 ± 1.84 %, and % yield of 52.63 ± 1.13. A design of experiments (DOE) approach identified significant model terms, enabling predictive optimization through mathematical models and visual analysis via contour and 3D plots. The optimized microsponges demonstrated extended drug release, achieving 86.44% release over 10 hours with gum incorporation, compared to 76.85% without gum. This sustained release was attributed to non-collapsible structural formations. These findings underscore the potential of clotrimazole-loaded microsponges as an effective platform for sustained drug delivery.   This research highlights the potential of combining ethyl cellulose and natural gum in microsponge formulation for enhanced drug delivery of Clotrimazole, offering a promising approach for topical antifungal therapy.

Theranostic polymeric nanoparticles (TPNs) are an advanced and very promising method for both diagnosing and treating cancer. They integrate both therapeutic and diagnostic functionalities into a single platform. This study evaluates the most recent advancements in Total Parenteral Nutrition, focusing on innovative designs and strategies, as well as the findings from case studies and clinical trials. We performed a comparative analysis of Total Parenteral Nutrition and traditional methods, highlighting their improved compatibility with living organisms, accurate dispersion, and reduced overall toxicity. Despite the advantages mentioned, there remain persistent challenges in the form of technical and clinical limitations, regulatory barriers, and ethical considerations. The proposed future study attempts to address these issues and enhance the efficacy and use of TPNs in the area of cancer.

Bilayer tablet technology is in focus because it advantageous for combination therapy, for combining two different release profile and it gives patent novelty to existing dosage. Hence its advantages, challenges and applications need to be discuss. The objective of preparing a review article on bilayer tablets is multifaceted, aiming to cover challenges at formulation development to scaleup and opportunity for new product development by integrating it bilayer tablet technology with other formulation technology. With reference to all the electronic data it was found that bilayer tablets face many challenges from formulation development till commercial manufacturing like interfacial bonding strength, layer separation, effect of environment on bonding strength bilayer tablet. But all these challenges can be over come by resolving appropriate remedies like using plastic diluent in both layers, manufacturing bilayer tablet using appropriate bilayer tablet manufacturing machine, etc. going forward with this challenges bilayer tablets puts advantage like it can be use for combination therapy, for chronotherapeutic therapy, enhancing therapeutic activity by altering micro environmental pH etc. Review comprises the information of key challenges to be consider while selection of excipients during formulation development, challenges related to process of bilayer tablet manufacturing and manufacturing bilayer tablet by integrating it with novel drug delivery systems and processes for enhancing therapeutic effectiveness and patient compliance.

A frequent bacterial skin infection in youngsters is impetigo.  In contrast to other quinolones like levofloxacin, nadifloxacin, and ofloxacin, ozenoxacin exhibits lower minimum inhibitory concentrations and better antibacterial activity. Because of its limited systemic absorption and lack of known drug interactions, ozenoxacin is notable for not activating cytochrome P450 enzymes in vitro. Despite being a relatively new antibacterial agent, ozenoxacin has been used in clinical settings. To shed light on its efficacy in patients, a meta-analysis has not yet been completed. The purpose of this meta-analysis and systematic review is to assess the effectiveness of ozenoxacin in treating impetigo, specifically when applied as a 1% topical cream.

When it comes to external application for localized ailments of the paranasal sinuses and nose, like sinusitis rhinitis with allergic and non-allergic origins, nasal administration makes the most sense. Additionally, the nose is thought to be a desirable delivery mechanism for systemic drugs and needle-free vaccinations, particularly when quick absorption and effectiveness are required. Furthermore, while nasal administration circumvents the liver’s first-pass metabolism, it may assist resolve issues related to low systemic availability, delayed intestinal absorption, drug destabilization, and GI adverse outcomes. However, it’s crucial to remember that the nasal passage’s primary function is to protect sensitive lungs since dangerous environmental factors, in order to avoid to act as a delivery system for medications as well as vaccinations, while thinking about nasal delivery mechanisms and devices. In addition to improving olfaction, optimizing the small nasal valve, along with the intricately complex nose structure and its cyclical and dynamic physiological change, facilitates effective conditioning and purification of inspired air, while also enabling exchange of gas and fluid retention occurring during exhalation. Nevertheless, such operational aspects possible obstacles to effective nasal medication delivery are frequently overlooked. In light of this, the benefits and drawbacks of both current and upcoming devices nasal transport as well as diffusion technologies are examined, by an emphasis upon how well they operate in clinical settings. The FDA guidance for nasal spray pumps and pressurized aerosols (pressurized metered-dose inhalers- pMDIs) intended for localized act is examined, along with the function and constraints of the in vitro testing. Furthermore, computer simulations of nasal airflow as well as deposition using nasal cast investigations have demonstrated their prognostic potential and clinical relevance. Software for computer fluid dynamics is briefly reviewed. More detail is provided on novel as well as developing drug delivery methods and devices, along a focus upon Bi-Directional TM delivery is an unique idea for nasal distribution which may be tailored toward a range of dispersion technologies.

The drug delivery systems of hydrogels presented themselves with a very versatile platform by virtue of their capability for encapsulating therapeutic agents and controlled release. Recent efforts limiting hydrogel-based drug delivery aim at developing systems more responsive toward a change in external stimuli like pH, temperature, or light for targeted and on-demand drug release. Recent advances in polymer chemistry have fabricated hydrogels with improved biocompatibility, mechanical strength, and degradation profiles, thereby yielding a wide range of biomedical applications. Moreover, the combination of nanotechnology with hydrogels has rendered new opportunities not only for drugs but also for the delivery of complex drugs such as proteins, peptides, and nucleic acids, which are difficult to administer by traditional drug delivery methods. These novel systems are being explored also for localized and sustained drug delivery, especially in cancer therapy and wound healing, and in tissue engineering. The flexibility of the hydrogels for different routes of administration, namely, injectable formulations and implantable devices, underlines further their potential for application as next-generation drug delivery vehicles. More ongoing research is done in optimizing the drug loading efficiency, release kinetics, and targeting capabilities of the hydrogel system, while increasing therapeutic outcomes and limiting side effects. This review reflects recent trends within hydrogel-based drug delivery but focuses on the role in personalized medicine.

The challenge of improving the solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs has become increasingly critical in oral drug delivery, where low bioavailability can limit therapeutic effectiveness. Mesoporous silica materials (MSMs), with their high surface area, tuneable pore sizes, and biocompatibility, have emerged as a powerful tool for enhancing drug dissolution rates. This review provides a comprehensive overview of MSMs, particularly focusing on commercially available variants, and their application in formulating amorphous solid dispersions for solubility enhancement. We discuss various drug-loading techniques, including solvent-based and non-solvent-based methods, highlighting their impact on drug stability, amorphization, and release profiles. The review also addresses key factors influencing drug release from MSMs, such as particle characteristics and environmental conditions, alongside successful case studies demonstrating improved bioavailability. Despite the promising results, challenges in scaling up MSM-based formulations for industrial production remain. Future directions in MSM technology development and regulatory considerations are explored, emphasizing the potential of these materials in revolutionizing drug delivery systems for poorly soluble drugs.

Recent technological advancements have significantly increased the demand for Novel Drug Delivery Systems (NDDS) in the pharmaceutical industry. Controlled Drug Delivery Systems (CDDS) are a notable example, maintaining consistent drug levels and enhancing bioavailability. However, oral dosage forms can face challenges with fluctuating plasma levels and bioavailability due to variable gastric emptying rates, particularly affecting drugs absorbed in the upper gastrointestinal tract. To address this, Gastroretentive Formulations (GRDFs) have been created to extend gastric retention and improve drug absorption. These include high-density, floating, swelling, expandable, mucoadhesive, and magnetic systems. Among these, the Bioadhesive Drug Delivery System (BDDS) stands out by adhering to the stomach’s mucous membrane, thereby improving retention and bioavailability. Pulsatile Drug Delivery Systems (PDDS), releases drugs quickly after a set lag time aligned with the body’s circadian rhythm, can face absorption issues in the small intestine. Combining BDDS with PDDS, resulting in Bioadhesive Pulsatile Drug Delivery Systems (BPDDS), addresses these challenges by ensuring prolonged gastric retention and precise drug release. This approach offers numerous benefits, such as extended drug distribution, enhanced bioavailability, reduction in dosing frequency, minimized side effects, making it particularly effective for drugs that need chrono-pharmacological delivery, nighttime dosing, or have high first-pass metabolism. BPDDS is a promising strategy for improving patient compliance and therapeutic outcomes.

Prolonged and regulated drug delivery mechanisms (PRDDM) have transformed pharmacotherapy by improving therapeutic effectiveness while reducing adverse effects. These advanced formulations are specifically designed to dispense active pharmaceutical ingredients at a controlled rate, ensuring a lasting therapeutic effect and maintaining drug levels within the optimal therapeutic range. Prolonged release mechanisms are developed to administer medication consistently over a prolonged duration, minimizing the need for frequent dosing and enhancing adherence to treat. On other hand, prolonged release mechanism (PRM) systems deliver a more accurate and consistent release profile, facilitating personalized drug administration according to individual patient requirements. To achieve PRDDM, various strategies are employed, including the incorporation of biodegradable polymers, hydrogels, and osmotic systems. The formulation elements can be customized to regulate drug release rates using processes like diffusion, breakdown/ osmotic. Additionally, progress in nanotechnology and 3D printing has opened new avenues for developing innovative drug delivery mechanisms.However, despite the many benefits, challenges like formulation stability, scalability manufacturing, and regulatory compliance remain significant issues that require attention. In summary, PRDDM signify notable progress in contemporary medicine, leading to better patient outcomes and enhanced therapeutic strategies. Ongoing research and innovation in this area are crucial to addressing current challenges and unlocking the full potential of cutting-edge drug delivery mechanisms.

Background: The development of new pharmaceutical approaches and products based on fiber-based scaffold-mediated carriers for targeted drug delivery is crucial for managing acute and chronic ailments. Objective: Past research has shown the potential of fiber-based scaffolds in biomedical scaffold design and skin tissue engineering for resorbing skin layers and regenerating skin appendages.Method: Various fabrication methods, including fiber bonding, gas foaming, phase separation, freeze drying, and solid freeform manufacturing, are employed to create scaffolds.Results: This review explores the use of different grades of polymers and their pharmacokinetic behavior in scaffold fabrication. It comprehensively discusses various sources of polymers for developing potent fibrous scaffolds, evaluation methods for scaffold physicochemical characteristics, and therapeutic applications in healthcare. Conclusion: Overall, this review highlights fiber-based scaffold-mediated carriers as promising tools pharmaceuticals and healthcare applications, offering significant potential for targeted drug delivery and tissue regeneration.

Likely bacterial illnesses, infection of the Urinary tract (UTIs) are more likely in women who are fertile. An overview of UTIs is given in the introduction, with special attention to their relevance, symptoms, and the necessity of receiving the right care to prevent complications. It talks about the main antibiotic treatment strategy and emphasizes the significance of using antibiotics sensibly in order to avoid antibiotic resistance. It also discusses non-pharmacological management techniques and the possible application of herbal medicine for managing infections of the urinary tract. The epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, prescription patterns, adverse effects, non-pharmacological therapy, and future directions of infection of the Urinary tracts in women of reproductive age are described in the techniques section. The information-gathering sources-such as studies, clinical guidelines, and expert opinions-are covered in this section. A methodology for evaluating and compiling the information on UTIs in females that are able to procreate is given in the techniques section. The main conclusions regarding Infection of the Urinary tract (UTIs) in women who are in the age range of reproductive years. are shown in the results section. It covers the following topics: prescription patterns, side effects, pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapy tactics, diagnosis techniques, pathophysiology, common bacterial agents, risk factors, prevalence of UTIs, and possible future directions. An extensive review of current knowledge regarding UTIs in this population is given in this section. The abstract concludes by summarizing the key ideas covered in the sections on the introduction, methods, and results. It highlights the relevance of infection of the Urinary tract (UTIs) among females who are capable of bearing children, the efficacy of antibiotics as a treatment, the necessity of appropriate prescribing practices, and the possible use of herbal medicine as a supplemental or alternative treatment. The relevance of holistic methods to UTI prevention and treatment is emphasized in the conclusion, which also emphasizes the necessity for further investigation to fully understand the safety and efficacy of herbal therapy in UTI management.

Migraine is a complex neurological disease. Migraine headaches described as vascular headaches cause a throbbing and pulsating pain around the head. A migraine attack involves stimulating the sympathetic nerve system, and increased sympathetic activity leads to nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Therefore, treatment of migraine requires immediate onset of action of the drug to give fast relief from the pain. Absorption of drugs directly through the oral cavity is one of the efficient ways of treating various diseases. The oral cavity has low enzymatic activity, ease of access for patients to receive and administer medication, and high vascularization and permeability allowing pharmacological compounds to reach the bloodstream immediately. Oral Transmucosal formulations such as mouth-dissolving strips, buccal tablets, buccal patches, and bioadhesive films, sublingual formulations, soft palatable films provide better bioavailability and tackle the main drawbacks of oral therapy, including hepatic biotransformation, varying drug absorption across the gastrointestinal system, and enzymatic degradation. The effects of these formulations might be both systemic and localized. In this paper, a comprehensive review has been made to discuss the causes, types, and treatment of migraine. The role of Oral Transmucosal formulations in the prepared for the treatment of migraine.

Long-term efforts to develop a system which will not be hampered by the complex long process which is needed to create a good dose delivery system. It is due to mixture of both water loving and hating drug categories. A system consists of good nanotechnology to prepare sponges which will be of nanosized and will provide a good result and potency and to detect an activity causing toxicity, reducing rate of absorption and good release of active constituent. Due to reduction in size and having pores with good 3D structure. This properties will be effective in treating various symptoms or disease like cancer, disease related to autoimmune system. This data will help in providing basic information about good and bad effects with mode of methods to prepare and to characterize with maximum expansion in developing nanosponges.

Nanomedicine has transformed cancer treatment by utilizing nanotechnology to create more precise, targeted, and less toxic therapies. Traditional methods like chemotherapy and radiation often lack specificity, causing side effects and limiting effectiveness. Nanoparticles, sized between 1 and 100 nanometres, enable targeted drug delivery, minimizing damage to healthy tissues. Through the improved Permeability along with Retention (EPR) effect, nanoparticles accumulate in tumours due to leaking vasculature. Active targeting, using ligands like antibodies, enhances precision by interacting with specific cancer receptors, such as HER2 in breast cancer. Doxil is a liposomal preparation of doxorubicin that improves progression-free survival in ovarian cancer patients by reducing cardiotoxicity.  Nanoparticles also enhance cancer imaging, improving the resolution of techniques like MRI, CT, and PET. Gold nanoparticles and iron oxide nanoparticles act as contrast agents, aiding early tumor detection. Furthermore, Theranostic nanoparticles integrate therapeutic and diagnostic functions, facilitating real-time assessment of treatment efficacy for enhanced tailored care. Despite its potential, Nanomedicine faces challenges like toxicity, immune clearance, and scalability. Nanoparticles may be identified and eliminated via the reticuloendothelial system (RES), reducing efficacy. However, solutions like PEGylation and biodegradable nanoparticles are addressing these barriers. The global Nanomedicine marketplace, valued at $150 billion in 2021, is anticipated to expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 11.9% complete 2030, underscoring the expanding role of nanotechnology in cancer treatment.

The synergistic mode of action of pioglitazone hydrochloride (PG) and metformin hydrochloride (MH) has great potential for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Because of their complementary modes of action, metformin hydrochloride (MH) and pioglitazone hydrochloride (PG) have great potential for the therapy of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Short half-life and the low absorption of metformin hydrochloride in lower gastrointestinal tract might restrict the action towards its expected therapeutic usefulness. This work aimed to create gastro-floating bilayer matrix tablets that would each contain two different drugs. The primary objective was to improve the absorption of pioglitazone hydrochloride through rapid release, while ensuring a sustained release of metformin hydrochloride. After optimisation, with a floating lag time of five minutes, the tablets floated in the testing medium for over twenty-four hours. They allowed the active substance to be released within 12 hours using a diffusion-dependent release mechanism with total release of the active substance being achieved within 5 minutes. Furthermore, it was viewed that, metformin hydrochloride yielded a stable plasma concentration, bio-availability increased by 1.5 times, C_max decrease and T_max was reduced. Furthermore, pioglitazone hydrochloride’s in vivo behaviour matched that of the approved product. In addition to having improved mechanical and physical qualities, all formulations had a pleasing appearance. Stability testing and infrared spectroscopy analysis were done on the formulation, and the results showed that it produced the best results in terms of drug release and duration of buoyancy in vitro. The findings suggest that the medication and polymer did not interact chemically and that the formulation remained stable. The study finds that by achieving simultaneous sustained release of metformin hydrochloride with enhanced absorption and immediate release of pioglitazone hydrochloride, a gastro-floating bilayer tablet facilitated a more effective combination therapy for diabetes mellitus. The benefits of combining pioglitazone and metformin into a single tablet are reviewed in this review, with particular attention paid to how this combination may improve glycemic control, compliance, metabolic characteristics of people with type 2 diabetes mellitus.