Elevated blood sugar and lipid levels are a growing global health concern and N. Cordelia presents potential therapeutic benefits. Therefore, this study aimed to identify active compounds and mechanisms in N. cordifolia using a network pharmacology method. Active compounds were screened for target proteins associated with elevated blood sugar and lipids through PPI networks, enrichment analysis, docking, and MM/GB (PB) SA. The results showed 6 compounds from N. cordifolia, and 24 proteins were obtained using Cluster One analysis at the PPI network stage. An important mechanism, such as the PPAR signaling pathway was identified through enrichment. The proteins in this mechanism were FABP, PPARα, and PPARλ, obtained by docking and MMGB (PB) A. The key compounds were 9-Oxo-10 (E) and 12 (E)-octadecadienoic acid, suggesting the potential of N. cordifolia to overcome increased blood sugar and lipids.

Burns are complex dermatological injuries requiring innovative therapeutic approaches. This study tested the hypothesis that Snail Mucus and Aloe vera gel combinations could enhance the healing of second-degree burns more effectively than treatments using Bioplacenton as a comparative control. The experiment was conducted with 25 Wistar rats, divided into five groups, each treated with different gel formulations: 10% Aloe vera with 10%, 15%, and 20% Snail Mucus, a placebo, and Bioplacenton as the positive control. Second-degree burns were induced, and treatments were applied twice daily for 21 days. Healing progress was monitored through measurements of wound diameter and colour changes. Histopathological evaluation was carried out to see the presence of macrophages and fibroblasts and assess the number of fibroblasts, epithelialization, and expression of Platelet-Derived Growth Factor-Beta (PDGF-BB). Statistical analysis was done using ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests to determine real differences. All Snail Mucus and Aloe vera gel formulations significantly accelerated wound healing compared to the placebo. The 20% Snail Mucus formulation exhibited the most rapid healing rates, comparable to the Bioplacenton control. Statistical analysis showed significant differences (p<0.05) in wound healing rates, increase in fibroblast activity, epithelialization and PDGF-BB expression between treated and control groups, with the highest concentration gel mirroring the positive control’s efficacy. Snail Mucus and Aloe vera gels are potent agents in accelerating the healing of second-degree burns, with the 20% Snail Mucus formulation performing on par with Bioplacenton.

The whole plant of Leucas zeylanica (Lamiaceae) was tested for hepatoprotection in Wistar rats after paracetamol (PCM), ethyl alcohol (ALC), and ranitidine (RTD) produced hepato the albino mouse acute toxicity maximum dosage was 2000 mg/kg. Six animal groups were utilized in all models. Modelling followed Silymarin. MELZWP contains saponins, carbohydrates, flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic from Leucas zeylanica whole plant. LD50 experiments showed these extracts did not kill or alter mice at 2000 mg/Kg body weight. Silymarin and MELZWP dosages increased thiopental sleeping time, wet liver weight, and volume than PCM, ALC, and RTD-induced hepatotoxic mice. Albumin (ALB) and protein (PRO) increased whereas ALT, ALP, AST, CHO, BILT, and TG dropped. Steatosis, necrosis, and other histological abnormalities were disallowed. Saponins and flavonoids protect the liver, study finds.

The adaptability of co-processed excipients significantly supports the direct compression process in pharmaceutical formulations. This research aimed at developing and assessing a co-processed excipient, made from dicalcium phosphate and lipid excipients, using hot melt granulation to improve drug delivery. Four lipids—glyceryl monostearate, stearic acid, cetyl alcohol, and palmitic acid—were investigated to process raw dicalcium phosphate. Key parameters such as powder flow properties and density were analyzed to select the optimal lipid combination and concentration. Advanced analytical techniques, including DSC, X-ray diffraction, FT-IR, and SEM, were used to assess the compatibility and stability of the co-processed excipients. The DSC analysis of the caffeine tablet formulation (CA 90:10) showed a melting point of 275.74 ºC, while FT-IR spectra indicated no interaction between caffeine, cetyl alcohol, and other excipients. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the drug’s crystalline structure, showing distinct peaks in the formulation’s diffractogram. SEM images displayed a porous and rough surface morphology with microcapillaries, contributing to rapid water absorption and wicking. The performance of the developed dicalcium phosphate co-processed excipient was tested by formulating caffeine immediate-release tablets. The lipid-based excipient demonstrated enhanced drug solubility, dissolution, and bioavailability. The study concluded that lipid co-processed excipients, particularly cetyl alcohol, play a vital role in improving drug delivery systems. This research lays the groundwork for future developments in optimized drug formulations using co-processed excipients.

Lovastatin is a cholesterol-lowering agent has low bioavailability. Therefore, Supersaturated Self Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (super-SNEDDS) can be used to increase bioavailability of lovastatin. This research aims to provide the formula for supersaturated-SNEDDS lovastatin. The selection of super-SNEDDS components is based on the solubility of lovastatin in various oils, surfactants, and cosurfactants. A pseudo-ternary phase diagram was created to determine the lower and upper limits of the oil (X1), surfactant (X2), and cosurfactant (X3). Super-SNEDDS optimization was carried out using a D-Optimal Mixture Design with response values ​​in the form of percent transmittance and emulsification time. The optimum formula was confirmed and characterized including size of droplet, polydispersity index, zeta potential, physical stability, and in vitro absorption test using the small intestine-inverted method. The results showed the optimum formula consists of lovastatin (5,5 mg/gram SNEDDS preconcentrate), 5% oleic acid, 80% Tween 80, and 15% PEG 400. The optimum formula for super-SNEDDS had a droplet size of 18.07 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.34, and a zeta potential value of -228.9 mV. Lovastatin super-SNEDDS preparation was physically stable based on the stability test of the preparation at a temperature of 40°C and after freeze-thaw stability test cycles. The in vitro oral absorption using everted gut sac method showed that the cumulative amount of lovastatin absorbed in the lovastatin super-SNEDDS preparation was 1.6-fold higher than in the lovastatin SNEDDS preparation and 3.3-fold higher than in pure lovastatin.

Sutures are essential after surgery as they allow for tissue re-approximation, stimulate early healing, and regulate bleeding. To avoid postoperative suture related complications like surgical site infection due to wicking effect, various antimicrobial agents have been incorporated into sutures. In this study, black silk suture was scoured for impurities and coated with metronidazole and povidone-iodine for comparison with the uncoated suture. Blood agar plates were prepared and inoculated with putative periodontal pathogens. The three groups of sutures were studied for their action against specific microbe by measuring the zone of inhibition. Based on the statistical analysis, it is established that povidone iodine and metronidazole coated suture have higher antimicrobial efficacy when compared to non-coated suture against anaerobic periodontal pathogens.

Now a days multicomponent formulations are becoming more popular in order to ensure timely and complete medication in multidrug therapy and enhancement of patient compliance. Through, analytical methods for single drug are extensively available, still due to complexity in multicomponent formulation, method development for the individual active component is sort of challenge for the analytical chemist. Information in the books also do not provide methods of simultaneous estimation of the newly developed and marketed formulations. Most of the methods are available after separation of active components, which become tedious, time consuming, and lack of accuracy.Therefore, the attention in the present project was focused on to foster simple easy economical reproducible analytical method for the assessment of Ciprofloxacin (CP) and Tinidazole (TZ) in combinations by using HPTLC Method.

Introduction: Herbal oils and its formulas are in increasing demand in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry. The research paper highlights the potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial capabilities of neem and castor oils. Objective: The objective of research work is to prepare oil-filled Microcapsules incorporated in a cream formulation. This formulation further subjected to analytical evaluation by sophisticated instrument. Methods: Microcapsule were prepared by ionic gelation process. The microcapsule containing cream was created using batches of varying concentrations, denoted as F₁, F₂, F₃, F₄ and F₅. Further microcapsules morphology was studied by TGA, SEM, LE was calculated and FTIR was used to characterize manufactured microcapsules. As a part of biological study formulation was subjected for animal study and in vitro DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Results: A variety of parameters, including pH, spreadability, homogeneity, and viscosity, were used to evaluate each composition. Formulations F₄ and F₅, according to the study, had good spreadability, homogeneity with a decent look, good consistency, a pH of 7, no phase separation, and were easy to get rid of. Further these batches namely F₄ and F₅ was tested for non-irritancy using animal study according to CPCSEA guidelines. These investigations imply that the cream of the F₅ batch has a safer and more stable composition, that might result in a synergistic effect. Conclusion: The F₅ batch was showing best formulation in order to prevent aging of the skin, it can be served as a barrier for shielding the skin.

Mainaim of current research was to determine feasibility of developing, designing, and testing liposomal formulations loaded with Fulvestrant for purpose of targeted drug transfer in management of breast cancer. With an impressive encapsulation effectiveness of 85%, they were made utilizing the thin-film hydration approach solvent evaporation followed high pressure homogenization technique for particle size reduction..The physicochemical characterization, these liposomess were seen to be in the dimension of <150-200nm with low polydispersity index (<0.3), -25 mV of the zeta potential, and indicated stability and will also be best for an in vivo application. Ex-vivo diffusion will reveal high numbers of drugs being released as compared to free Fulvestrant and further made the release sustained over 48 hours. Cytotoxic evaluation of MCF-7 breast cancer cells was exhibited that for fulvestrant-loaded liposomes at 5 μM, there was a 50% reduction of cell viability-which is an extremely significant increase compared with free drug (30% reduction). Pharmacokinetic study did exhibit an improvement in bioavailability due to increased circulation time, fetching changes in drug accumulation into tumor tissues through enhancement of permeability and retention phenomenon. It means nearly all formulations have comparatively mild hemolytic activity less than 5%, thereby exhibiting probable safety. This study brings into light a very feasible total approach of Fulvestrant-loaded liposomes for a prolonged tumor targeting by showing diminished exposures to such drug as compared to conventional injectable therapies offering therapeutic potential enhancement with lesser side effects. The overall findings would provide good ground to conduct further in vivo testing of these formulations for clinical applicability.

This study is based on creating and assessing citric acid (CA) cross-linked biopolymer composite Metronidazole (MTZ) loaded hydrogel films for wound healing applications. Different concentrations of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC), hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC), and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) were used to create hydrogel films using the solvent cast method. FTIR verified the chemical cross-linking (ester bond) between NaCMC and HPMC. WVTR for hydrogel films ranged between 167.10 ± 33 to 341.41 ± 18 g/m²/day.S0 (Control) hydrogel film shows lowest tensile strength which indicates poor mechanical properties of this hydrogel film.Hydrogel films with more concentration of HPMC show a high swelling index initially but get dissolved completely within one hour, as the swelling index is inversely proportional to cross-linking density thus these results indicate poor cross-linking in S4 to S8 batches of film. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), results shows drug particles on surface of control (S0) hydrogel film reveal absence of crosslinker. CA crosslinked hydrogel film show smooth and uniform morphology.X-ray diffraction (XRD) observed the crystalline nature of drug and amorphous nature of hydrogel film. In vitro studies reveal sustained release of MTZ from hydrogel films. Antibacterial study and Antimicrobial activity were investigated against Bacteriod fragilis and Escherichia coli. The hemocompatibility test reveals the biocompatibility of cross-linked hydrogel films. Overall, outcomes strongly recommended the prospective use of prepared biopolymer composite hydrogel films in wound healing applications.

Background: Human skin can occur infection by viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites. One of the pathogenic bacteria that often infect the skin is Staphylococcus aureus. The incidence of bacterial infections on the skin continues to increase and pathogenic bacteria S. aureus easily experience antibiotic resistance. The development of herbal treatments from plants with antibacterial potential can be one of the alternative treatment options. One of the plants often used for alternative traditional medicine is moringa seeds (Moringa oleifera). Purpose: Knowing and analyzing the gel formulation of moringa seed extract (Moringa oleifera), which has optimal physical characteristics and antibacterial activity against S. aureus. Methods: The type of research conducted was true experimental with a post-test-only control group design. In this study, there was a treatment group that was given moringa seed extract gel with a concentration of 5%, 10%, 20%, 40%, and 80%, a positive control group of clindamycin gel, and a negative control group of sterile aquadest with S. aureus as test bacteria. The method of antibacterial testing uses the disc diffusion method. The results of the study were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis statistical test.Results: All formulations of gel preparations have optimal physical characteristics. The diameter of moringa seed extract gel inhibition zone against S. aureus bacteria at concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 20% have a weak antibacterial potential. In comparison, a concentration of 40% (5.05 mm) is categorized as medium potential, and a concentration of 80% (11.70 mm) is classified as having strong potential. The analysis results found significant differences between treatment groups with a significance value of p < 0.05. Conclusion: Formula 4 and 5 are optimal formulations of moringa seed extract gel preparations because they have optimal physical characteristics and antibacterial activity against S. aureus bacteria.

Objective: The persistent need to discover plant species with anti-arthritic properties prompted the investigation of A. racemosa Wight. The objective is to study anti-arthritic attributes of ethanolic extracts made from A. racemosa leaves and stems. Methods: Using in vivo model, the anti-arthritic property was evaluated. Acute toxicity was performed as per OECD strategies to determine dose.  Formaldehydeinduced model was used to investigate anti-arthritic action. 200 mg/kg of ethanolic extracts of leaves and stems were given orally. To know the antiarthritic potential of A. racemosa radiology as well as histopathology was performed. Results: The stem ethanolic extract demonstrated significant reduction in arthritis by showing 49.65% inhibition than leaf ethanolic extract which shows 38.89% inhibition. Chemical examination of the plant’s ethanolic leaf and stem extracts shown existence of flavonoids, terpenoids, and steroids. Antiarthritic activity of A. racemosa is supported by histopathology, radiology and haematological analysis. Conclusion: This study indicates that A. racemosa may be useful as a bioactive chemical source for the treatment of inflammatory disorders and orthopedic pain.

Excipients are crucial in formulating dosage forms. However, under stressful environmental conditions, they might interact with the active pharmaceutical ingredient, potentially diminishing the drug’s efficacy. The present research article investigates the crucial role of excipients, with a key focus on compatibility evaluations of Dapagliflozin and Metformin with selected excipients mixture, including Polyvinaylpyrolidon K90F, microcrystalline cellulose, Croscarmellose sodium and Magnesium stearate. The analysis used an Inertsil ODS-3V column. The mobile phase, consisting of Water: Methanol in the ratio of 25:75v/v. The pH of the mobile phase was adjusted to 3 using orthophosphoric acid. The detection was done at 225nm. The range value for Dapagliflozin and Metformin were observed as 20-80μg/mL and 0.4-1.6μg/mL, respectively with the respective retention time of 2.1 for Metformin and 8.9 for Dapagliflozin. A forced degradation study was performed on Dapagliflozin and Metformin, in their pure forms and in combination with selected excipients and formulations. The comparison of effects of stress conditions were observed and concluded in the presence of selected excipients and in the commercially available formulation containing Dapagliflozin and Metformin. The extensive evaluation of Dapagliflozin and Metformin compatibility with selected excipients under various conditions offered valuable insights into their stability and practical utility.

Background- Dandruff is a common scalp condition caused by an imbalance in the scalp microflora leading to the overgrowth of Malassezia fungi. Although not a serious medical condition, it does cause considerable discomfort and embarrassment to those affected. Despite the availability of synthetic treatment options, India’s diverse botanical heritage offers to provide hopeful alternatives based on traditional medicine practices. Some of the plants that have been tested to show efficacy in inhibiting Malassezia populations include lemongrass, eucalyptus and Indian gooseberry (amla). Utilizing the advantages of modern topical cosmetic serums, which are recognized for increasing consumer acceptance and longer contact time with treatment surface, a new formulation was created for dandruff therapy. Objective: Utilizing the advantages of modern topical cosmetic serums, which are recognized for increasing consumer acceptance and longer contact time with treatment surface, a new formulation was created for dandruff therapy. So, the aim of the present study is to formulate an antidandruff scalp serum of three herbal drugs. The serum incorporates the oils of lemongrass, eucalyptus and amla, blending them into an o/w type emulsion which is simple to use and easy to apply, and safe.  Methods:To prepare the serum emulsion, we have combined all active essential oils together with a carrier oil and Vitamin E, then we added it to the aqeous base of water and glycerin. Emulsifying agents and other necessary excipients were also added as per the requirement. The product was then evaluated for its quality. Results: The resultant product showed good rheological properties and was well formulated. User satisfaction is a factor that is satisfied. Conclusion: The new method offers a safe, efficient herbal solution for dandruff, while also providing nourishment for the scalp and tackling inflammation.

The most common type of cancer is non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC), necessitating the development of non-invasive and novel method of treatment. The current research study is focused on the design, development, and evaluation of a transfersomal gel loaded with epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a bioactive compound with significant anti-cancer properties. After establishing anticancer properties of EGCG using cell lines and in silico studies, transfersomes were formulated using Box-Behnken Design (BBD). Optimization was done with three factors and three levels The optimized transfersomal gel exhibited significant physicochemical characteristics. Smaller V.S., improved Z.P. and high EE facilitated enhanced skin penetration as proved by in vitro and ex vivo studies using porcine skin. These findings demonstrated the potential of transfersomal formulation in enhancing the transdermal delivery of EGCG, paving the way for effective approaches for managing non-melanoma skin cancer. Further, clinical studies can enhance the potential and application of this bioactive molecule.

This study aimed to develop and validate a novel RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous estimation of Xanomeline and Trospium Chloride in combination dosage forms, addressing the lack of existing methods for their concurrent analysis. Xanomeline, a muscarinic receptor agonist for schizophrenia, and Trospium Chloride, an anticholinergic for mitigating adverse peripheral effects, are combined for therapeutic synergy. The method utilized a Kromasil C18 column with a mobile phase of acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid (40:60), a flow rate of 1 mL/min, and a detection wavelength of 231 nm. Validation parameters followed ICH guidelines, demonstrating specificity, linearity (R² = 0.99979 for Xanomeline and 0.99988 for Trospium Chloride), precision (%RSD < 0.8), and robustness under varied chromatographic conditions. Forced degradation studies confirmed the method’s stability-indicating capability, with Xanomeline showing maximum degradation under peroxide (14.1%) and alkali (12.2%) stress, while Trospium Chloride exhibited significant degradation under peroxide (14%) and acid (11.2%). Accuracy studies revealed mean recoveries of 99.7%–100.0% for Xanomeline and 99.4%–100.0% for Trospium Chloride. The method is suitable for routine analysis, ensuring quality control for combination therapies.

Nanoparticles have garnered great interest recently because of their unique properties and wide range of applications in several industries, including environmental cleanup, medicine, and catalysis. Green synthesis techniques offer an ecologically friendly alternative to making nanoparticles using natural sources such as peel of dragon fruit chemicals as stabilizing and reduction agents. In this work, we examine the preparation and assessment of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) employing peel extract from the dragon fruit (Selenicereus undatus) as a green precursor. This study aims to determine whether the extract of dragon fruit peel can be used to manufacture AgNPs, describe the physicochemical characteristics of the resulting nanoparticles, and evaluate the stability and prospective uses of these materials. Using a variety of analytical techniques, such as ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier-Transform infrared spectra (FTIR), antioxidant capability assessment, and particle size, the synthesis process was refined through systematic exploration, and the resulting AgNPs were described. Our results demonstrate the effective creation of monodisperse AgNPs using a spherical morphology and a mean diameter of the particles of about 86.05 nm. Dragon fruit peel extracts have the potential to be an ecologically sound precursor for the production of nanoparticles; the significance of these discoveries for biological, natural, and industrial uses is reviewed. In summary, the present study adds to the expanding corpus of literature on environmentally friendly synthesis techniques and emphasizes the significance of harnessing natural resources to create sophisticated nanomaterials with improved characteristics and a low environmental footprint.

A highly precise and validated RP-HPLC method was established for the simultaneous estimation of Sulopenem Etzadroxil and Probenecid in both pure form and pharmaceutical formulations, including stability studies.The RP-HPLC analysis was performed using a Hyperclone 5µ BDS C18 column with an isocratic mobile phase of Acetonitrile and Ammonium Formate Buffer (40:60, pH 3.0). Detection was carried out at 272 nm with a 1.0 mL/min flow rate, 10 µL injection volume, and a 5-minute runtime. The method, validated as per ICH guidelines, exhibited excellent linearity (25–150 µg/mL) with high correlation coefficients.  Accuracy studies demonstrated recoveries of 100.7% for Sulopenem Etzadroxil and 99.9% for Probenecid. The robustness evaluation indicated minimal variation in retention time and peak area under slight changes in chromatographic conditions. Sulopenem Etzadroxil exhibited maximum degradation under thermal, hydrolytic, and peroxide conditions, while Probenecid showed notable degradation under peroxide, acid, and photolytic stress. Minimal degradation was observed under alkali and reduction conditions for both drugs.

Background: The suggested approach is appropriate for the quantitative measurement of Remdesivir and Griseofulvin in a variety of pharmaceutical dosage forms, according to experimental findings. The technique offers excellent repeatability, linearity, and sensitivity. Remdesivir and Griseofulvin were estimated using RP-HPLC.  Objective: The objective was to accomplish method development and validation of Remdesivir and Griseofulvin. Materials and Methods: The mobile phase was adjusted and consisted of acetonitrile and phosphate buffer mixed in a 70:30% v/v ratio. 4.6 was the pH of the phosphate buffer. An X Terra Symmetry C18 (4.6 x 250mm, 5µm) column is used as the stationary phase. For the detection, a UV detector tuned to 221 nm was employed. Chromatography of the solutions was performed at a constant flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. Many trials have been carried out to obtain an optimized chromatogram. Results: Remdesivir and Griseofulvin were reported to have linearity ranges of 25-125 µg/ml. There was no increase in the linear regression coefficient above 0.999. The accuracy and precision of the procedure are indicated by the percentage RSD readings being less than 2%. The percentage recovery for Griseofulvin and Remdesivir ranges from 97 to 100%. It was discovered that LOD and LOQ were inside the range.  Conclusion: The suggested technique for figuring out how much Remdesivir and Griseofulvin are in a formulation is exact, easy to use, and accurate. A high recovery rate indicates that the formulation’s excipients are not interfering with the process. Therefore, the technique may be helpful for routinely checking the quality of these medications.

Epilepsy is a chronic brain illness that manifests as seizures, which are episodes of abnormal electrical activity in the brain. This study aimed to create the model drug-PHT-loaded bionanodispersion, reduce the long-term treatment expenses for epilepsy, and enhance therapeutic efficacy by utilizing the novel bioretardant from Juglans regia (JR). In order to create a nanocapsulated dispersion system, a new bioretardant with exceptional inherent characteristics was extracted. For the planning of details PLBND1 through PLBND5, various ratios of the bioretardant and the model drug, PHT, were used: 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, and 1:8. Dispersibility, pH, % entrapment efficiency, stability studies, and in vitro drug discharge were evaluated for the bionanodispersion. With a t50% of 17.21 hours and an estimated r2 of 0.9974, the formulation PLBND2 with a 1:4 drug bioretardant proportion demonstrated noteworthy results for a number of evaluations. In 36 hours, PLBND2 demonstrated a steady drug delivery rate of 93.17% ± 1.8. Using a bioretardant with a remarkable stabilizing and retardant property, the bionanodispersion was proven to be safe and stable for the administration of the nanosized model drug, PHT.

Improving solubility is a major hurdle for the pharmaceutical sector. Boosting solubility andd bioavailability of barely water-soluble medications is essential for efficient drug delivery. Solid dispersion, has gained popularity due to its capability of enhancing solubility and its adaptability in industrial processes. Other techniques like nanonization, micronization, complexation, lipid-based systems, and co-crystals also play vital roles in this area. Each method has its own advantages and constraints, and selection time and again relies on the particular characteristics of the medication and the intended result. It’s captivating to observe how these advancements are influencing the future of pharmaceutical development. Its utilization is rising relative to traditional methods due to its process efficiency, solvent-free characteristics, and cost-effectiveness. The current study primarily addresses the process of categorization, preparation methods of solid dispersions, and their application to improve solubility of poorly soluble medications. Objective of current research work was to enhance solubility of weakly soluble medications employing hot melt extrusion technology (HME) and describes its utilization on solubility besides dissolution enhancement. By boosting solubility enhancement of weakly soluble medications, it leads to increase oral bioavailability and minimizing local as well as systemic side effects and it also increasing patient compliance.

By using this technology prepared extrudes in optimized ratio of API: Polymer and compare solubility study of weakly soluble API against the extrudes prepared using solid solid dispersion technology.

Nanostructured lipid carriers based topical gel of Resveratrol was created with the aim of reducing inflammation. NLC is made up of propylene glycol as the co-surfactant, tween 20 as a surfactant, oleic acid as a liquid lipid, & stearic acid as a solid lipid. Particle size, SEM, DSC & FTIR were primarily utilised for analysing NLCs produced via solvent emulsification process. High entrapment efficiency, comprising 56.47% to 85.10%, has been demonstrated by the whole NLC. With 62.80nm of typical particle size & a 0.323 polydispersity index, which indicates uniformity in the distribution of particle sizes, formulation F1 was determined as the best formulation. Formulation F1’s stability is shown by its larger zeta potential magnitude. The nanoparticulate dispersion was appropriately gelled & evaluated for in-vitro permeation study, homogeneity, spreadability, and physical appearance. The developed NLCs dispersion gel’s in-vitro drug release pattern demonstrated both burst & prolong release. It was determined that resveratrol’s created NLC gel shows promise for the drug’s extended availability in skin tissues and may be applied to improve the treatment of inflammatory diseases.

Objective: The current study was attempted to develop silver nanoparticles from orange peel extract designed for the management of lung cancer. Method: Silver nanoparticles were prepared using orange peel extract and nanoparticles forming material in an organic solvent to form an effective solution. The nanoparticles were formed by the solvent evaporation method.  Nanoparticles are extremely small units whose size is articulated in nano-meters (nm; 1 nm = 10−9 meters). Both naturally occurring and artificially produced nanoparticles are products of human activity. To transport medications to the target region, nanoparticles (NP) play a crucial function and can conjugate with different pharmaceuticals in a variety of ways. The prepared silver nanoparticle were characterized i.e. UV spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, SEM, Anticancer activity.  Results: Orange peel silver nanoparticles exhibit satisfactory parameters results which shows this nanoparticle can be used for anticancer activity and both the compounds have good compatibility and effectiveness in the cancer cells and sustainability for the growth of the cancer. Silver nanoparticles are one of the most prominent compound for cancer activity.The best average sizes of the particles were around 67.94nm from the orange peel extract.

Background and Aim: The research explored whether the aqueous Morus alba  (Mulberry) leaves extract showed antidepressant effects in albino mice. Most studies on Morus alba medicine originated from traditional medicine yet research documentation about depressive disorders treatment remains scarce. Study design and methods: Experimental research used different doses of aqueous Morus alba leaf extract which were administered to albino mice. The research included control and standard groups given fluoxetine as well as three experimental groups that received different concentrations of Morus alba extract (50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, or 200 mg/kg) respectively. Depressant-like activity evaluation used the forced swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST) with interactive measurement methods. Measuring serotonin and norepinephrine levels in serum tissue was necessary to identify potential mechanisms during the analysis. Results: Mice receiving extract of Morus alba showed a substantial decrease in immobility periods during FST and TST which indicates a depressive-like effect. Two hundred mg/kg and one hundred mg/kg doses produced optimal results. The treatment groups showed an increase of serotonin and norepinephrine levels at significant levels. Conclusion: The antidepressant properties of aqueous Morus alba leaf extract show similar potency as fluoxetine on albino mice depression symptoms making it a potential candidate for treating depression.

Background: Antipsychotics are recommended as the initial, treatment for schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders based on evidences. They are commonly prescribed for conditions like borderline personality disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and forms of dementia including Alzheimer’s disease. The effect of medications is limited due to side effects, those must be carefully balanced against their varying therapeutic benefits across these conditions. Objective: To study effect of corn silk extract in  olanzapine induced obesity in rats. Methodology: Corn silk extract were made by reflux extraction method in which corn silk were collected at maturated stage, dried at room temperature and dry powder is refluxed in 70% ethanol, for 3 to 4 hour and after filtered and dry it. Six animals containing five groups were assigned. For 21 days dose (100, 200,400 mg/kg) were co-administered of CSE with olanzapine 2 mg/kg .  Body weight, locomotor activity on day 1^st and day 21^st. On 21^st day OGTT was conducted. Dissected organ weighed and collected visceral fat and estimation of lipid profile and calculate the oxidative stress of animals. Result: Corn silk extract ameliorates obesity in rats induced by olanzapine and hyperphagia by improved lipid metabolism.

Class II drugs are characterized by their poor aqueous solubility and good permeability (As per BCS Classification). Therefore, formulating these types of drugs becomes very tricky and challenging. Incomplete and non-uniform release of these drugs causes less absorbance and poor bioavailability.  Hence, there is huge requirement for build up a new strategy for this Class II category drugs for increasing their bioavailability and drug release. The low aqueous solubilization of API directly affects the drug release as well as its permeability through membrane or bioavailability. Therefore it is required to modify the solubility of these drugs by using suitable components which can enhance their solublization in the biological media. This study covered the solubility enhancing trials done with the active molecule Celecoxib. In this study multiple type of granulating agents were used for formulation of the tablet and their physicochemical characteristics were evaluated.

The research work based on Bilayer floating tablet of selected  drug  as Sucralfate and Metoprolol succinate.. Sucralfate Immediate release layer containing Sucralfate 100 mg and total weight with excipients is 300 mg . Metoprolol succinate sustained layer containing   Metoprolol succinate 50 mg and total weight with excipients is 200 mg is done. Metoprolol succinate layer (MSF10) the (DSFMS-500mg) produce Average Weight 501.7±0.26 (mg), Thickness 5.99±0.111 mm, Hardness 5.6±0.124KP, Friability 0.543%, FLT 22sec, TFT 18 hrs, Drug Content of Sucralfate 100.02%, Drug Content of Metoprolol Succinate is 99.98%. The TFT. is under acceptance criteria.(18-20hour). So the formulation is the best formulation as GRDDS.

The research aims to design, formulate, and assess desired SLNs for poorly soluble anticancer drug Fulvestrant. The SLNs were made up of solid dispersion by high shear mixing and high pressure homogenization to make a very fine suspension. Drug loading, entrapment efficacy, particle size, and stability are the general parameters that were considered in this case for the different formulations; hence, optimization was performed through them. A good place to prove this preparation is an investigation of the saturation solubility of the Fulvestrant in various solvents, and subsequently determining which of them is clearly shown in 0.1 N HCl. Various observations of thermal analysis, that is DSC and XRD, indicated that the nanoparticles had stable, crystalline-like structure and, at the same time, favorable thermal properties. The optimized Batch B formulation was the one showing the highest drug loading and very high entrapment efficiency of about 70.8 and 95.2%, respectively. The particles normally had 150-nm size, while zeta potential was measured to be -220 mV. Ex-vivo diffusion studies successfully verified the drug release profiles of the nanoparticles, and the findings implied that Batch B exhibited 99.1% cumulative drug release for a 12-hour period. The pharmacokinetic studies indicated that the drug was released at a controlled rate and it had caused an increase in Tmax, which implied that there was an extended action of the drug. Stability studies verify Batch B as stable in both accelerated and long-term conditions. These studies flag the much value-adding potential of these SLNs as a good vehicle capable of delivering the improved pharmaceutical characteristics noted earlier for Fulvestrant.

Inflammation is a natural immune response, but chronic inflammation can lead to various diseases, including arthritis, cardiovascular disorders, and autoimmune conditions. Ailanthus excelsa and Tridax procumbens possess anti-inflammatory properties, making them valuable for medicinal use. This study develops and evaluates buccal patches incorporating their extracts for inflammation management. Extracts were characterized using UV-Vis, FTIR, and DSC analyses, confirming compatibility with excipients. Buccal Patches, formulated using HPMC, PVA, and glycerol, were optimized via Central Composite Design and evaluated for mechanical and drug release properties. UV-Vis spectroscopy identified absorption peaks at 254 nm and 240 nm, while FTIR analysis confirmed functional groups indicative of a complex organic composition. DSC analysis revealed phase transitions at 96.34°C and 339.48°C, ensuring thermal stability. FTIR and DSC studies showed no significant interactions between extracts and excipients, confirming formulation stability. Optimized patches, formulated with HPMC K100, PVA, and glycerol, exhibited tensile strength between 0.567 to 0.987 kg/cm² and drug release of 85.74% to 97.21%. Statistical analysis confirmed polymer concentration’s impact on mechanical properties and drug release. In conclusion, the study successfully developed extract-loaded buccal patches with optimal mechanical strength and controlled drug release, highlighting their potential as an efficient drug delivery system. Future research should focus on in vivo evaluation, long-term stability, and patient adherence for clinical applications.

A novel stability-indicating RP-HPLC method was developed and validated for the simultaneous estimation of Oxcarbazepine and Olanzapine in pharmaceutical dosage forms. The method utilized a Waters X-Terra RP-18 column with a mobile phase composition of acetonitrile and 0.1% triethylamine (30:70), pH adjusted to 2.5 using orthophosphoric acid. The flow rate was maintained at 1 mL/min, and detection was carried out at 272 nm. The method demonstrated excellent linearity for Oxcarbazepine (37.50–225.00 µg/mL, R² = 0.99989) and Olanzapine (5.00–30.00 µg/mL, R² = 0.99973), along with high precision and accuracy (%RSD < 1.0). Robustness was confirmed under varied conditions, and forced degradation studies validated the method’s specificity, with no significant interference from degradants. The proposed method is reliable, reproducible, and suitable for routine analysis of Oxcarbazepine and Olanzapine in combined dosage forms.

Domperidone (DOMP) is an antiemetic drug, although it has low bioavailability and isn’t very soluble. Our solution to these issues is the Multicompoent inclusion complex (MCIC), which we would make by combining cyclodextrin and its derivatives with various auxiliary agents/auxiliary substances (AXAs), such as citric acid, mannose, and L-arginine, among others. Compared to β-CD and H-β-CD, first tests reveal that Domperidone with M-β-Cyclodextrin produces better results.  Auxiliary agents, such as citric acid, were chosen for use in multicomponent inclusion complexes. In order to determine whether method was more effective in increasing domperidone solubility, researchers compared the physical mixing method with the kneading method for preparing the multicomposite inclusion complex. Phase solubility experiments for multicompoent inclusion complexes revealed considerable improvements in complexation efficiency and stability constants. In order to characterize the multicompoent inclusion, XRD, DSC, FT-IR, and NMR were employed. When compared to the pure medication alone, the complexes demonstrated an increase in drug solubility and release through in vitro dissolving and saturation solubility experiments. This study concluded that AXAs and methyl-β-cyclodextrin have a synergistic action that increases the solubility of DOMP and, perhaps, its bioavailability.

This study looks at the physicochemical and therapeutic aspects of Nigella sativa gel (NEGIS) enhanced with Nigella sativa oil and nanoparticles. FTIR examination demonstrated the existence of OH, CH, C=O, and aromatic groups, representing bioactive and nanoparticle interactions. The UV-Visible spectroscopy revealed an absorption peak at 262 nm (1.38 absorbance), confirming the existence of bioactive chemicals and nanoparticle stability. The zeta potential analysis yielded a value of -4.6 mV, representing minimal colloidal stability. The antioxidant assays showed moderate action, with IC₅₀ values of 680.23µL/mL (ABTS) and 405.13µL/mL (DPPH). Anti-inflammatory investigation utilizing protein denaturation and HRBC membrane stabilisation assays revealed that NEGIS was as effective as Diclofenac Sodium and Aspirin, with peak inhibitory values of 70.25% and 82.79%, correspondingly. Antibacterial testing found inhibition zones of up to 16 mm, while antifungal tests demonstrated action against Candida albicans (10 mm) and Aspergillus niger (8 mm). These findings suggest that NEGIS possesses promising antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal activities, representing its potential as a multifunctional therapeutic agent for numerous biomedical applications.

In this current investigation, we explored the impacts of Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLC) containing docetaxel (Dxt) and dutasteride (Dst) on male rats. Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) offer a promising drug delivery platform engineered to augment the efficacy of medications such as docetaxel (Dxt) and docetaxel (Dst) through a tailored production method. However, the potential acute toxicity administered Dxt-Dst NLC remains uncertain. Dxt-Dst-NLC was prepared by melt-emulsification and ultra-sonication techniques Male rats were administered DTX-DST NLC intravenously for 14 days. Throughout the treatment period, diligent observations were made regarding the rats’ body weight and food consumption once the treatment concluded. On the 15th day, the rats were euthanized, and their hematological, biochemical, and histopathological profiles were evaluated. Dxt-Dst-NLC administered at 25 mg/kg caused liver damage observed in histopathological observations. Also, the elevation of SGOT and SGPT was observed. We observed inflammation at the injection site on the tail of these findings providing valuable insights that can serve as a foundation for further developing Dxt-Dst NLC as a potential therapeutic medication.

An unbalanced mix of harsh and defensive components, such as mucus from stomach, bicarbonate secretion, prostaglandins, and inherent resistance of the components of mucosal cells, leads to the stomach condition known as Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD). PUD can be treated with a variety of medications, but their usage is restricted because of frequent side effects and low compliance. This led to a thorough search and ongoing investigation for alternatives to this treatment, which ultimately resulted in the discovery of a natural phytochemical, derived from plants that is thought to be an excellent conventional medication to treat PUD because it has less adverse effects and is more easily accessible and affordable. The objective of this in vivo antiulcer activity by using ethanol induced rat and to formulate and develop solid oral dosage form of millet. Millet formulation of tablets and capsules developed and physicochemical evaluation done. Five groups of albino wistar rats weighing 200–220g were created, with six individuals in each group. The ethanol induced ulcer procedure was used to induce ulcers.Animals were given Vehicle, Standard, and millet test orally. Observations for gastric content volume, pH, ulcer scoring, total acidity, pepsin activity and Histopathological studies were performed. The total acidity in the millet group at 300 mg and 600 mg was determined to be 93 and 68 mEq, respectively. Pepsin values for test 1 and test 2 were found to be 24.76 and 21.65 µg/ml. The millet treatment for the concentration of 300mg and 600mg treatment revealed a significant decline of gastric ulcer lesions. The millet with concentration of higher dose as 600mg shows the higher significant activity than the millet with concentration 300mg.

The current work intended to develop a stable, lemon grass oil (LGO) amalgamated organogel with sustained release of drug profile and superior antimicrobial potential. The LGO organogel were further analyzed for organoleptic character, diffusion, spreadability, and antifungal potential. The organogels possessed slight viscous texture of yellowish pale colour. The pH of the gels (5.65 ± 0.05 to 5.81 ± 0.05) was adjusted to be in close proximity with the skin pH. The LGO loading capacity (97.10 to 101.30%) of organogels was within established and acceptable limits. The textural and rheological profile were within optimum values. A complete 90-100% of LGO diffusion from the organogel required 9-12 hr. The organogels exhibited excellent prolonged release drug profile in all optimization batches.The F4-optimized organogel displayed remarkable sustained release pattern of drug release. The viscosity in formulation batches were in the range of from 2548 (F6) to 3412 cP (F3) while the spreadability ranged between 9.85 to 13.84 gm. cm/sec. At a concentration of 30μg/ml, the optimised batch of organogel (F4) exhibited the maximum antifungal efficacy based on the zone of inhibition (33 mm). Mice in Group 6 exhibited a 165% reduction in erythema severity compared to Group 5, indicating the superior efficacy of the LGO loaded organogel in treating superficial mycosis and promoting lesion recovery. Moreover, organogel exhibited excellent physical and chemical stability under accelerated conditions, making it a promising formulation for long-term use. This enhanced therapeutic effect is likely attributed to the formulation’s immediate drug availability, ensuring a robust local antifungal action at the infection site. The intended work exhibits the efficacious development of LGO-loaded sustained-release organogel with superior antifungal potential.

This study aims to develop and evaluate the SR tablets  of Losartan Potassium (LP) using chitosan as rate retarding polymer. The tablets were developed by direct compression technique with varying concentration of chitosan at constat HPMC K100M concentration. The granules were characterised for various micromeritics characteristics followed by compression of tablets. The compressed tablets were characterised for physico chemical  properties. The CI values for the lubricated blend ranged from 7.35% (F3) to 14.97% (F5). These values suggest that all formulations exhibit good to fair flow properties, with F3 showing the best flow characteristics (CI = 7.35%). The HR values of the lubricated blends varied between 1.079 (F3) and 1.176 (F5), indicating acceptable to good flowability across all formulations. All tablet batches showed acceptable physical properties. Content uniformity was well maintained across batches, with values ranging from 97.25% to 100.29%. The lowest friability was observed in F3 (0.35%), suggesting superior tablet robustness. The pure LP was found to be released 100% within 1 hour time period. F1 exhibited the highest dissolution, with 100% drug release at 24 hours, while F5 shows the slowest release, reaching only 52% at the same time point. The stability study of losartan potassium (LP) sustained-release (SR) tablets under accelerated conditions over six months indicates minimal variations in critical quality attributes, demonstrating good stability. This study underscores the potential of chitosan-based SR formulations for enhancing therapeutic efficacy in hypertension management.

A new cream has been developed those features 1% active oxenoxacin, a topical antibacterial that effectively kills gram-positive bacteria. It’s specifically designed to tackle impetigo, which is a bacterial skin ailment that spreads easily. A cream with 1% ozenoxacin is in the works to tackle bacterial skin infections, especially impetigo, which affects both adults and kids (from two months old). This product is specifically designed for treating impetigo. The cream’s inactive components are well-known and frequently seen in topical medications, chosen based on a study that looked at how they interact with the drug. Ozenoxacin is a novel, fast-acting topical antibiotic, has a good microbiological profile, and is considered safe. However, it’s really important to use it responsibly and follow antimicrobial stewardship practices to keep this innovative treatment effective.

The present study investigates the anti-inflammatory potential of Arquita ancashiana extracts and their nano formulations. The ethanol and aqueous extracts were obtained using Soxhlet & maceration extraction methods respectively, yielding semi-solid dark green residues with a percentage yield of 20% and 20.5%, respectively. In membrane stabilization assay, the ethanol extract exhibited a higher stabilization effect (IC₅₀ = 475.76 μg/mL) in comparison to aqueous extract (IC₅₀ = 815.14 μg/mL), though both remained less potent than the standard Diclofenac sodium (IC₅₀ = 199.62 μg/mL). A nano emulsion of Arquita ancashiana was successfully formulated using a surfactant: co-surfactant ratio of 3:1, and thermodynamic stability studies confirmed its stability. Physicochemical characterization revealed optimal globule size (85.46–91.57 nm), high zeta potential (-14.7 to -38.5 mV), and favorable viscosity. The nano emulgel was evaluated using a carrageenan-induced paw edema model, demonstrating significant anti-inflammatory activity, though slightly less effective than Diclofam Gel. ELISA analysis revealed a marked reduction in TNF-α levels in the nano emulgel-treated group, further supporting its anti-inflammatory potential. These findings suggest that Arquita ancashiana nano emulgel could serve as a promising natural alternative for inflammation management.

The main goal of this research was to formulate and assess herbal topical cream incorporating Psidium guajava and Moringa oleifera extracts to explore their antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, moisturizing, and skin-protective properties. Three cream formulations (F1, F2, and F3) were prepared by varying the concentrations of the plant extracts while keeping other ingredients constant. The formulations were created through emulsification, where the oil phase (stearic acid, emulsifying wax, propylene glycol, and propyl paraben) and aqueous phase (plant extracts, glycerin, cetyl alcohol, and sodium stearate) were combined at 70°C before cooling and adding perfume. The prepared formulations were assessed for the parameters such as pH, physical stability, spreadability, viscosity, stability testing, antimicrobial activity, anti-inflammatory efficacy and skin irritation potential. All formulations demonstrated physical stability, with F2 providing an optimal balance of spreadability, viscosity. Antimicrobial activity increased with higher extract concentrations, with F3 exhibiting the largest inhibition zones against bacterial strains. The anti-inflammatory activity, assessed by protein denaturation inhibition and heat-induced hemolysis assays, showed a dose-dependent trend. F3 exhibited the highest inhibition rates (74.5% for protein denaturation and 68.9% for heat-induced hemolysis), followed by F2 and F1. The study confirmed that incorporating Psidium guajava and Moringa oleifera extracts in cream formulations enhances their antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, providing both cosmetic and therapeutic benefits. These findings support further optimization and clinical exploration for skincare applications

The study aims to formulate and refine a nanoemulsion containing azilsartan to improve the solubility and bioavailability of antihypertensive drug, which has low water solubility. A factorial design technique was employed to develop 14 nanoemulsion formulations with varying amounts of olive oil, Tween 80, and PEG-400. Formulations were analyzed for particle size, Zeta Potential (ZP), pH, viscosity, and drug content. FTIR and DSC studies validated the compatibility of drug and excipient.  The improved formulation (F12) demonstrated a mean particle size of 249 nm, a ZP of -22.3 mV, and a drug content of 98.38%. SEM and TEM analysis showed spherical droplets exhibiting smooth surfaces.  In vitro release experiments indicated a sustained drug release, with 98.25% released over an 8-hour period.  The stability investigations verified that the formulation maintained stability for three months under accelerated situations. Response surface methodology and contour plots indicated a robust design space where formulation parameters could be optimized to achieve desired quality attributes. The nano-emulsion approach successfully improved the aqueous solubility of azilsartan while maintaining physicochemical stability. This novel formulation strategy shows promise for enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of azilsartan and potentially other poorly water-soluble drugs. Further in vivo studies are warranted to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profile and bioavailability enhancement of the optimized azilsartan nanoemulsion formulation.

Expansion and validation of a stability-indicating HPLC approach allowed one to simultaneously test metformin (MET), teneligliptin (TNG), and pioglitazone (PGL) in their commercially available pharmaceutical forms.  Techniques were developed to detect active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and any degradation byproducts in settings either acidic, alkaline, oxidative, or photolytic. To evaluate the stability of MET, TNG, and PGL and make sure the technique could extract the medications from their breakdown products, forced degradation studies were conceded out. The ICH guiding principle followed in validation of method. The outcomes demonstrated that the developed method could accurately and sensitively identify and measure the drugs and the products of their degradation. Under stress, formed degradation products were excellently isolated and measured; therefore, method was found to be robust in several conditions.  This stability-indicating HPLC methodology useful for repetitive quality control and stability analysis of MET, TNG, and PGL in pharmaceutical formulations.

Pharmaceutical impurities resulting from degradation, synthesis, or excipient interactions can severely impact drug safety and efficacy. Consequently, this project centers on developing a risk-based analytical quality-by-design (RB-AQbD) HPLC method for impurity profiling of the two common antihypertensives, Perindopril and Indapamide, present in combination (FDC) formulations. Method development was performed for the separation and quantification of the drugs along with their degradation products; subsequent isolation and characterization of the impurities were achieved using IR, LC-MS/MS, and NMR spectroscopy. The optimized HPLC method resolved Perindopril (tR: 3.5 min), Indapamide (tR: 7.3 min), and their corresponding major degradation products. Isolation of the impurities was done via preparative LC, and structure characterization was performed. Thus, this study contributes towards the quality control and regulatory compliance of Perindopril and Indapamide FDC formulations.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have gained widespread attention for their potent antimicrobial properties, positioning them as key agents in preventing microbial contamination across various industries. As tiny particles of silver with high surface area-to-volume ratios, AgNPs offer a unique mechanism of action, continuously releasing silver ions that disrupt microbial cell walls and interfere with cellular functions. This makes them particularly effective against a wide spectrum of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Their role in wound care has also proven essential, as AgNPs not only prevent infection in chronic wounds but also support the healing process. In the food industry, AgNPs play a crucial role in antimicrobial packaging solutions, where they help extend the freshness of perishable items by inhibiting the growth of pathogens like Escherichia coli and Salmonella, ultimately contributing to food safety and waste reduction. Despite these promising applications, the widespread use of AgNPs faces challenges. Concerns regarding potential toxicity to human cells, environmental impact, and the risk of microbial resistance necessitate further research. Ongoing studies are examining the safe concentration levels and exploring eco-friendly synthesis methods to reduce AgNP toxicity. The potential for microbial resistance due to extensive use of AgNPs also requires careful monitoring to prevent diminished effectiveness over time. Additionally, the high cost and scalability of AgNP production methods, particularly in applications requiring large quantities, limit accessibility for some industries. Future directions in AgNP research are likely to focus on optimizing synthesis methods to reduce environmental impact, exploring synergistic antimicrobial combinations, and developing cost-effective, scalable solutions. Advancements in nanotechnology and materials science will continue to drive innovation, with the potential to address these challenges and expand the applicability of AgNPs in antimicrobial coatings. AgNPs, with their broad-spectrum efficacy and adaptability, remain a promising tool in the pursuit of enhanced microbial control across various sectors.

Nanocapsules propose a hopeful solution for recuperating the delivery of inadequately bio available medications, providing benefits such as increased solubility, enhanced bioavailability, and targeted delivery. They can summarize a wide range of therapeutic agents, improving efficacy and reducing side effects. Continued advancements in nanotechnology and materials science are enhancing nanocapsule design, opening doors for new treatments. Future research should prioritize optimizing these systems for clinical use and addressing stability and regulatory challenges. The victorious assimilation of nanocapsules into majority medicine could revolutionize treatment options for complex drug formulations.

Quantum computing is currently recognized as a very effective instrument that helps in the advancement of pharma and speeds up the discovery of new drugs. The article discusses several ways in which quantum computing is driving innovation. Quantum mechanical calculations based molecular modeling and simulation techniques can foresee the molecular interactions and behaviors in a much faster ways and can help to identify the new phase of drug candidates. The pharmacophore modeling techniques include the structure based and ligand-based uses quantum computing in the formulation of pharmacophore models that are used in screening of libraries of compounds. Discovery of large databases of bioactive agents has been accelerated with high-throughput virtual screening utilizing quantum computing when determining further development priorities. Artificial intelligence and machine learning programs can take large data sets and determine patterns and correlations that help predict the properties of compounds and their biological activity. Molecular calculations derived from quantum mechanics give better approximations of noncovalent interactions and other quantum entities which are important in drug-target binding. The use of quantum computing to incorporate the methods of molecular dynamics simulations and QSAR analysis is empowering developments in pharmaceutical research. The review also overviews the modern concerns and possible opportunities of using quantum computing for the optimization of the drug discovery and development. All in all, the article presents a contingency of how this new and innovative technology is shaping the field of pharmaceutical research.

GENETIC EDITING: CRISPR/Cas9 technologies have revolutionised genome editing. They offer unmatched precision, speed, and versatility. Familiar with the immune system of bacteria, it is now a powerful tool. It treats genetic diseases, infectious diseases, and cancer. And even as an omen, its clinical effectiveness demands reliable, precise means of administration. These systems have created viral and non-viral platforms. The list includes: lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), viral vectors (AAVs), and polymeric nanoparticles. New delivery technologies, like SORT LNPs and VLPs, have improved targeting. They offer better therapy and fewer off-target effects.Nonetheless, significant obstacles remain. Delivery efficiencies, immunogenicity and scalability are huge hurdles to wide-scale clinical deployment. To reduce these difficulties, we can develop small Cas variants like Cas12a. We can also engineer guide RNAs (gRNAs) for better precision and fewer off-target effects. There are promising prospects. They come from AI-optimised, hybrid delivery platforms. They are virally-free and non-viral. The FDA’s approval of CRISPR drugs for sickle cell disease shows their potential to cure some incurable diseases. Trials now include rare genetic diseases, cancers and metabolic disorders. No matter how big it is, production scale and cost are a bottleneck. We still need better manufacturing and quality control practices. This review examines the latest advances in CRISPR/Cas9 delivery methods. It covers the barriers to clinical use and the future of this groundbreaking technology. CRISPR/Cas9 could revolutionise medicine. It may provide treatments that target the root causes of diseases. It could overcome current limits and use new discoveries.

Neuropharmacology, the branch of medical science, deals with the action of various pharmacological agents on the nervous system. Neurotransmitters are the endogenous chemical substances released from neurons, through which neurons are capable to communicate with each other through-out the body. There are numerous neurotransmitters are present in the body such as acetylcholine, noradrenalin, adrenaline, dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, GABA (γ-amino butyric acid), aspartate, glycine and histamine etc. These neurotransmitters are actively involved in almost all the physiological process in the body. Upregulation or downregulation of these neurotransmitters results in abnormal physiological or disease states. Therefore, a number of pharmacological agents are developed to regulate the level of neurotransmitters in brain and are employed to treat these neurological diseases or disorders.

Generic drugs play a vital role in ensuring equitable and affordable access to healthcare across the world. It refers to the development of a product that is equivalent in terms of both pharmaceutical and therapeutic properties to a Reference Listed Drug product, and that is then reverse-engineered to create a generic version.  Systematic desk research, characterization and finally de-formulation of Reference Listed Drug are preliminary steps towards pharmaceutical development of generic product. De-formulation is the process of separating, identifying, and quantifying each individual component in a drug product. With the same ingredients (Q1), amounts (Q2), and physicochemical properties (Q3) as the Reference Listed Drug product for which the generic version is to be developed, de-formulation generates vital data for generic pharmaceutical products. To guarantee Q1 and Q2 sameness, sophisticated methods like Raman imaging can detect and measure the components of the innovator drug products. Various methodologies created using a variety of analytical techniques that accurately reveal information about the excipients, active pharmaceutical elements, and manufacturing process are discussed in this review.

Cobalt ferrite nanoparticles (CoFe₂O₄ NPs) have emerged as versatile materials with a wide range of applications due to their unique physical and chemical properties. Their high coercivity, chemical stability, and tunable magnetic and electrical characteristics make them suitable for use in diverse fields, including biomedicine, environmental remediation, catalysis, and magnetic data storage. In the biomedical sector, cobalt ferrite nanoparticles are used for magnetic hyperthermia treatment and drug delivery systems, as well as in MRI as contrast agents due to their strong magnetic properties. Additionally, their application in environmental remediation has proven effective, particularly in the removal of heavy metals and organic contaminants from water. Their magnetic properties facilitate easy recovery and regeneration, making them a cost-effective option for water treatment processes. In the field of catalysis, cobalt ferrite nanoparticles are valuable due to their large surface area and electronic configuration, enhancing their efficiency in oxidation and reduction reactions. This makes them highly useful for industrial processes. Moreover, their high coercivity and magnetic anisotropy have found applications in magnetic data storage, where they offer the potential for increased data density and stability. However, despite their advantages, several challenges limit the full utilization of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles. Issues such as biocompatibility, synthesis feasibility at an industrial scale, and long-term stability in varying environmental conditions must be addressed. Future research is needed to overcome these challenges, with a particular focus on improving synthesis techniques for biomedical applications and employing green chemistry approaches for large-scale production. Additionally, studies on enhancing their stability in diverse environmental conditions will further increase their industrial and environmental applications. With continued research, cobalt ferrite nanoparticles are poised to offer new solutions across a variety of sectors, making them one of the most promising materials in nanotechnology.

Three-dimensional (3D) printing has evolved exponentially since the first technology was introduced in the early 1980s. 3D printing technologies are classified into various manufacturing techniques, also called Additive manufacturing, where all are based over formulation of three-dimensional objects layer: by: layer process according to the digitally designed structure. The main types of 3D printing technologies that have been used within pharmaceutical and biomedical field is classifiable into three groups: printing based on inkjet (IJ) systems, nozzle-based deposition systems (NBD), and system based on laser (SBL). From ten year ago (2015) when the FDA has been approved the 1^ist 3D printed tablet, Spritam, extensive research into the role of 3D-printing in the pharmaceutical industry of various dosage forms and bioengineering has gone. 3D-printing is considered a potential tool and a key driving factor for the manufacturing of specialized dosage forms, prostheses, and devices. The involvement of 3D-printing in pharmaceutical applications will allow the formulation of sophisticated and complex solid dosage forms via many doses and drug release, adjusted to the individual needs, in a more cost-effective way than the conventional manufacturing processes. This article reviews the main 3D-printing technologies used in the pharmaceutical field, with their advantages, disadvantages, and their application with various dosage forms.