Introduction: Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory condition of the supporting tissues of the teeth caused primarily by biofilm-associated microbial infection. With a high global prevalence—including 74.1% in Indonesia as of 2022—conventional treatment relying on mechanical therapy and synthetic drugs often faces challenges such as adverse effects and the development of antibiotic resistance. As a safer alternative, herbal therapies using pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel extract, rich in bioactive compounds like flavonoids, tannins, and punicalagin, offer antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory benefits. However, safety evaluations, including acute toxicity testing, are essential prior to clinical application, especially in nanogel formulations designed for topical use. Materials and methods: This laboratory-based experimental study used a post-test control group design involving 30 female Wistar rats, divided into one control group (0.5% Na-CMC) and four treatment groups receiving nanogel doses of 5, 50, 300, and 2000 mg/kg BW (BW). Parameters assessed included clinical signs of toxicity, mortality, body weight changes, organ weights, macroscopic appearance of the liver and kidneys, serum levels of creatinine, ALT, and AST, as well as histopathological evaluations of the liver and kidneys. Results: No mortality or significant toxic symptoms were observed throughout the 14-day observation period. There were no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) in body weight, relative organ weights, or biochemical markers (creatinine, ALT, AST) between the treatment and control groups. Histopathological analysis showed normal liver architecture across all groups, while mild inflammation in renal tissue was observed only at the highest dose (2000 mg/kg BW). Conclusion: The administration of pomegranate peel extract nanogel up to a dose of 2000 mg/kg BW resulted in no systemic toxicity and only mild, non-lethal renal inflammation. These findings suggest that the formulation is well-tolerated in acute exposure and may be considered safe for further development as a topical adjunctive therapy in periodontal treatment.

Much research has been conducted in recent decades to screen for and investigate the antioxidant and anticancer properties of medications based on isolated natural products or medicinal plant extracts. In order to evaluate the antioxidant, phytochemical, and in vitro anticancer characteristics of Urtica Dioica L. (UDSE-02) seed ethanolic extracts, the current study was conducted. Using conventional methods, flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, phytosterols, and glycoside compounds were detected. Through spectral and physical examination, the structure of the isolated chemical was verified. The 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical assay was used to evaluate the ethanolic extracts’ and isolated compounds’ ability to scavenge free radicals. The MTT assay was used to assess an in vitro anticancer investigation employing the MCF-7 Brest cancer cell line. In terms of antioxidant activity, our results showed that the ethanolic extracts had a strong in vitro capacity to scavenge free radicals. The IC50 values of the extracted components from Urtica Dioica L. seeds were 154 µg/mL and 53 µg/mL (UDSE-02), respectively, as compared to the standard. In the MTT experiment, UDSE-02 extract showed a considerable and dose-dependent growth inhibition of Brest cancer cells at doses over 100 µg/mL, with an IC50 of 72 µg/mL, in contrast to cisplatin (IC50 = 6 µg/mL), were isolated compounds showed a fruitful result with IC50 of 34µg/mL. Our findings demonstrate the ethanolic extracts and isolated compounds may be a promising anticancer agent and an efficient antioxidant.

The Background: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine condition affecting women of reproductive age, influencing the endocrine, reproductive system, and metabolic processes. Objectives: To evaluate the anti-inflammatory and hormonal modulation effects of Ecklonia cava in PCOS patients. Methods: In this Randomized controlled study, 50 patients were diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome. Their age range (18-40 years) was equally allocated into two groups. The Control group received   Diane- 35 (2mg cyproterone acetate/35 Mg ethinyl estradiol) once daily for 3 cycles, and the interventional group received a combination of Diane- 35 plus 300 mg of Ecklonia cava once daily for 3 months. Parameters assessed before and after treatments course include: serum LH and FSH, oLH/FSH ratio, free testosterone, leptin HBA1c, IL-8, IL-10. Results: After 3 months, there was a significant reduction in the weight and waist circumference in the study group in comparison with the control group, with a p-value ≤0.05; significant improvement in LH, FSH, LH/FSH, Free testosterone and leptin hormone, in addition significant reduction in IL-8, and increase IL-10 level. Conclusions: The addition of Eckonia cava to the Diane- 35 in the treatment of PCOS patients gives promising synergistic effects in the regulation of clinical and biochemical parameters in PCOS Patient.

Loratadine (LOR) a second-generation antihistaminic exhibits low water solubility and high permeability. In the present work an attempt was made to formulate LOR nanoparticles  to enhance dissolution rate and to prolong the release for oral delivery. With the objective of enhancing solubility of LOR, Loratadine-Betacyclodextrin inclusion complex (LOD-BCD) was prepared by solvent evaporation method. Later based on 32 factorial design 9 LOR-BCD polymeric nano formulations (L1 to L9) was formulated by solvent displacement technique by selecting LOR:BCD and Eudragit RS 100 (ERS) as independent variables. From in vitro studies the effect of independent variables on responses was found to agree Quadratic model and formulation LOR 4 was selected as optimized formulation with the particle size of 104.2nm, PDI of 0.274 and zero order in vitro drug release of 61.98±0.68%. The study concluded that LOR–BCD polymeric nanoparticles were successfully formulated using a validated factorial design, exhibiting improved dissolution and sustained drug release.

The goal of this work is to improve quercetin’s solubility and bioavailability by creating and characterizing quercetin phytosomes using the solvent evaporation technique. After obtaining phospholipids from ghee leftovers a quercetin-phosphatidylcholine complex was synthesized and its physicochemical characteristics were assessed. Analytical tools such as Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (IR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) were used to conduct the characterization. Quercetin and phosphatidylcholine have formed a stable combination, as shown by DSC and IR studies. XRD, on the other hand, showed a change to a less crystalline state, suggesting improved solubility. SEM and TEM images showed uniform, nanoscale spherical particles, supporting the successful encapsulation of quercetin. Thus, the 1:2 ratio is identified as the optimal formulation for maximizing practical yield, underscoring the importance of phospholipid concentration in achieving higher efficiency. The results indicate that the phytosome formulation enhances the stability, solubility, and bioavailability of quercetin, providing a promising strategy for its therapeutic applications.

Phyllanthus reticulatus is an important medicinal plant in traditional medicine, used for treating bone and joint disorders, pain relief, anti-inflammatory purposes, liver protection, diabetes management, and antioxidant activities. This investigation focuses on analyzing the antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities of total and fractionated extracts of Phyllanthus reticulatus, through DPPH radical scavenging and xanthine oxidase inhibition assays, in addition to measuring their phenolic and flavonoid contents. The results indicate that the ethyl acetate (EA) fraction exhibited superior biological activities with the lowest IC50 values, reaching 46.48±8.85 μg/ml for xanthine oxidase and 9.35±0.66 μg/ml for DPPH. The polyphenol and flavonoid content in this fraction were the highest, measuring 365.58±15.57 mg GAE/g and 21.67±1.92 mg QE/g, respectively, highlighting a strong correlation between chemical composition and biological efficacy. The total extract and BuOH and water fractions also demonstrated antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities at varying levels. These findings confirm the potential of the Phyllanthus reticulatus in developing pharmaceutical and functional food products, particularly for treating oxidative stress-related diseases.

Insulin resistance is actively treated with metformin. This drug improves insulin sensitivity and is essential for managing type 2 diabetes. Glucose can treat diabetes alone if there are no safety concerns, such as renal or liver disease, gastrointestinal difficulties, or lactic acidosis. Metformin is safe and effective. Metformin is the only oral diabetes medicine that does not cause weight gain. Additionally, many diabetics only take this medicine. Treatment for type 2 diabetes usually begins with metformin and sitagliptin. This helps manage blood sugar when diet and exercise fail. When administered alone, sitagliptin plus metformin may not regulate blood glucose well. This aims to manufacture film-coated metformin phosphate monohydrate and hydrochloride tablets in various dosages. This study seeks to create a fixed dose pharmaceutical combination for non-insulin-dependent diabetic mellitus. Metformin HCl with Sitagliptin may improve blood sugar management and HbA1c levels. This combination causes minimal weight gain and fewer adverse effects. This study created and tested sitagliptin-metformin HCl film coated tablets. Wet granulation was used to make the tablets with the requisite excipients. The tablet’s parameters before and after compression were evaluated according to the standard. The pre-compression factors, including overall and tapped density, showed good flow characteristics. The weight, hardness, thickness, friability, disintegration, drug concentration, and drug release % were assessed after compression. Results showed these parameters were within acceptable ranges.

The Liquisolid technique was employed to enhance the solubility and dissolution of Azilsartan, an angiotensin II receptor blocker with poor aqueous solubility. A 2² full factorial design was utilized to optimize the formulation parameters, particularly  focusing  on  FUJ  and  Croscarmellose  Sodium  concentrations. Solubility  studies  conducted  in non-volatile solvents (Labrasol, Captisol, Transcutol HP, and Capryol) identified Labrasolas the most effective solvent (96.37± 0.82mg/mL), while Fujicalin exhibited the highest solubility enhancement (0.42 ± 0.02 mg/mL) among different carriers. The optimized  formulation, containing 50mg  FUJ  and  5% Croscarmellose  Sodium, demonstrated significantly improved drug release compared to the pure drug. FTIR analysis confirmed no significant drug-excipient interactions, ensuring the stability of the formulation. Pre-compression and post-compression parameters, including Carr’s Index (13.85 ± 0.30%), Hausner’s Ratio (1.16 ± 0.01), hardness (5.6 ± 0.2 kg/cm²), friability (0.78 ± 0.03%), and disintegration time (65.2 ± 2.1 sec, n=3), confirmed the formulation’s suitability for tablet manufacturing. Stability studies conducted per ICH guidelines demonstrated that the optimized formulation remained stable for three months.The study confirms that the Liquisolid technique significantly improves the solubility and dissolution of Azilsartan.

Using a QbD framework, this study developed and optimized a nanosponge-based hydrogel system for topical delivery of Sulconazole. CCD was used to identify the ideal concentrations of Ethyl Cellulose (polymer) and PVA (surfactant), with particle size and entrapment efficiency as critical responses. Nanosponges were produced via emulsion solvent evaporation and evaluated using FTIR, DSC, SEM, zeta potential, and UV spectroscopy. The optimized formulation, F11, achieved a size of 265.7 nm, zeta potential of −23.54 mV, PDI of 0.286, and high %EE and %DL. Hydrogel prepared using Carbopol 940 exhibited appropriate pH, viscosity, spreadability, and sustained drug release up to 12 hours. Antifungal evaluation confirmed potent MIC and MFC values against C. albicans and A. niger, with F11 outperforming both the pure drug and commercial cream in all microbiological assays.

Microsponges are porous microscopic particles that are rapidly becoming an emerging drug delivery route. They are small, rounded grains and have a sponge-like appearance and a very large porous surface that can release the drug in a predetermined and anticipated fashion. Irbesartan is a medication with limitations such as poor bioavailability due to a high first-pass effect, poor water solubility/dissolution rate, low stability, etc. An improvement in the interaction or no interaction was observed between the drug and the excipients, as shown in an IR spectrum and standard curve of the pure drug formulation and placebo formulation. Microsponges of various ratios were developed via the solvent method, and the volume of polymer (ethyl cellulose) (X1) and crosslinker (dichloromethane) (X2) were kept different, along with the stirring speed (X3) being retained in different groups. The factors were selected as independent variables, and % Entrapment efficiency, Particle size, and % cumulative drug release were chosen as dependent variables. The whey protein is taken as a stabilizer an optimum batch among eight formulations was determined through 23 factorial design and tested on bulk density, tapped density, angle of repose, compressibility Index, Carr’s index, dissolution studies, Entrapment efficiency, production yield, compatibility studies, powder x-ray diffraction (P-XRD), Differential scanning colorimetric (DSC) and particle size analysis. Therefore, microsponge formulation with a wide range of polymers is a favourable alternative method of enhancing the dissolution rate of Irbesartan.

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological illness characterized by recurring seizures that is commonly treated with long-term medicine, such as carbamazepine, which might have negative effects. Because of their potential neuroprotective and anticonvulsant properties, alternative medicines derived from medicinal plants and nanotechnology are gaining popularity. The purpose of this work was to examine the anticonvulsant-like characteristics of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), carbamazepine, and Tribulus terrestris ethanolic extract on human neuroblastoma cells SHSY5Y (CRL-2266). T. terrestris extract was prepared using Soxhlet extraction and subjected to phytochemical screening. Zinc acetate and T. terrestris extract were used to generate ZnO NPs, which were then evaluated by FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDX, UV-visible spectroscopy, and zeta potential analysis. ZnO NPs, carbamazepine, and plant extract were evaluated for cytotoxicity at doses of 20-100 µg/mL using MTT assays. Morphological alterations were detected using microscopy. All test samples demonstrated dose-dependent decrease of cell viability. At 100 µg/mL, ZnO NPs exhibited the highest inhibition (22.79%), followed by T. terrestris extract (20.95%) and carbamazepine (11.87%). Morphological changes were noticeable in nanoparticle-treated cells.The data indicate that ZnO nanoparticles and T. terrestris extract have potential anticonvulsant capabilities that warrant further research through in vivo and mechanistic studies.

Background: Oral cancer is the sixth most common cancer worldwide and among the third in the Indian Sub-continent. Zingiber officinale Roscoe, commonly known as ginger, is generally used as an accompaniment herb or a food spice. Various in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that ginger is an active compound in both the prevention and treatment of prostate, breast, ovarian, and colorectal cancers. However, the effects of ginger on oral pre-malignant conditions are still not known. Objectives: To conduct a phytochemical analysis of the methanolic extract of Zingiber officinale by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry [GC-MS] and to identify its potential anti-cancer compounds. Materials and methods:  Zingiber officinale Roscoe (100 g) was cleaned, dried, and powdered. A Soxhlet extraction was performed using 500 mL of methanol at a temperature of approximately 60°C for 6 hours to investigate various phytochemical components. The extract was then subjected to GC-MS using the Clarus 680 GC to identify the quantitative constituents Results: Individual compounds were analysed by GC-MS. The primary potent component identified was 6- shagoal at a peak area percentage of 35.91 %, and Zingerone, a phenolic compound with 28.16% of peak area %. Conclusions: The existence of many secondary metabolites in the preliminary and GC-MS analysis of Zingiber officinale justifies the prevalence of phytochemicals with anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and other properties, like anti-angiogenic, neuroprotective properties.

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) is a persistent metabolic condition marked by elevated blood glucose levels, with a global increase in prevalence and associated complications. This study investigated the occurrence and impact of diabetes-related complications, including cardiovascular, renal, ocular, neuropathic, and hypoglycemic events, among patients at a tertiary care center in South India. Over 1.5 years, 353 individuals with T1DM were assessed using a prospective observational design. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 24. The participants’ average age was 46.1±10.8 years, with most being male (69.97%) and from rural areas (58.92%). Post-intervention data showed significant improvements, such as a reduction in HbA1c levels from 7.7±0.6% to 6.9±0.4% and lower smoking and alcohol consumption rates. Cardiovascular issues were most common, with hypertension (31.16%), stroke (23.23%), and myocardial infarction (20.68%) leading. Renal complications like nephropathy (13.03%) and end-stage renal disease (11.90%) were also prominent. Infected foot ulcers (18.70%), neuropathy (18.70%), and depression (33.14%) were notable comorbidities. Hypoglycemic episodes highlighted the need for better glycemic regulation. The findings emphasize the need for comprehensive care strategies, including early diagnosis, tailored risk management, and lifestyle modifications. Multidisciplinary approaches integrating physical and mental health interventions are crucial for mitigating complications and improving outcomes in T1DM patients. Targeted efforts are essential to address the unique challenges faced by high-risk groups. Further research is required to enhance preventive and therapeutic strategies for managing diabetes complications effectively.

Objective: Evaluation of the GATA3 utility in differentiating urothelial carcinoma from other malignant tumors of the genitourinanry system such as prostatic adenocarcinoma, and renal cell carcinoma. And correlation between GATA3 expression with other different parameters such as grade, stage, necrosis, and mitosis. Method: 70 cases of urothelial carcinoma, 10 cases of prostatic adenocarcinoma, and 10 cases of renal cell carcinoma of papillary and clear cell variants were selected at the period between (jan. 2017 and sep. 2020), with age range 34 to 88, with mean age 73 years, histopathologically evaluated, then stained with GATA3 antibody, and reevaluated with semi quantitative immunoreactive score, finally GATA3 correlated with tumor grade, stage, necrosis, and mitosis. Results: In this study GATA3 expressed in 84.3% of urothelial carcinoma cases, Expression used to be considerably correlated with tumor grade; ( p value = 0.001) and stage (p value = 0.003), but not with number of mitosis (p value = 0.2) or necrosis (p value = 0.7), None of the prostatic adenocarcinoma, or renal cell carcinoma express GATA3. Conclusion: GATA3 could be considered as a necessary precise sensitive and highly specific marker to confirm urothelial origin. It is effective marker if used in the appropriate clinical concepts, GATA3 expression is an independent factor predicting cancer recurrence, so it could be used as a prognostic marker not only diagnostic marker, No significant association found in this study between GATA3 expression and presence or absence of necrosis, or the number of mitosis.

The perform study was executed to inspect the phytochemical complement, antimicrobial activity of chloroform (ChL), ethyl acetate (EA), as well as ethanol (ET) extracts in the leaves and root tubers of spurge E. condylocarpa along with green synthesis, characterization and antibacterial attain of zinc oxide nanoparticles on multidrug-resistant bacterial isolates such as staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli by Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC). The inclined ZnO NPs were categorized along UV-vis, FT-IR, SEM, XRD, together with EDX. This experiment applied in the laboratories of Biology Department, College of Science Salahaddin University, and conducted according to a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. E.condylocarpa leaves and root tubers have been retainer as reducing, capping and stabilizing agents, the configuration of ZnO NPs portrait by shift in color from dark yellow to yellowish white. X-ray diffraction (XRD) valid the crystallinity of ZnO NPs. FT-IR spectroscopy corroborated the functional groups of leaves and root tubers extracts Qualitative phytochemicals analysis focuses on the presence or absent of several chemical groups in the plant parts. Total condensed tannin, and total phenol was done in both parts. The results showed that the amount of total condensed tannin was more in leaves as comparison to root tubers, while total phenolic content in ethanol extract more than in ethyl acetate then in chloroform in both leaves and root tubers. The crude extracts of leaves and root tubers showed that the plant contains different phytochemicals such as terpenoids, steroids, saponin, flavonoids, phenol, tannin, coumarins, quinone, and alkaloids. The lowest significant MIC values with E. coli was 4.17 mg/ml for ethanol leaf extract of E. condylocarpa.

Medicinal plants are the best source of bioactive molecules and could serve as an appreciable source of many medicines. Anaphalis triplinervis (A. triplinervis), belonging to the family Asteraceae, is a perennial shrub that commonly grows in shady, moist habitats at elevations of around 2200 meters, and is generally found in India, Pakistan, and several other parts of the world.  A. triplinervis, generally known as Bugla in Hindi and triple-veined pearly everlasting in English. The aerial parts of the plant are utilized to aid many diseases as well as serve as an important ethnomedicine. A. triplinervis is frequently used in bug bites, snake bites, as an anti-inflammatory, anti-asthmatic, anti-coughing, expectorant, sedative, and in convulsions. Isolation of ethyl acetate extract from A. triplinervis was chosen for the current investigation based on thin-layer chromatography and the first phytochemical screening. The ethyl acetate extract of the aerial parts of A. triplinervis was subjected to column chromatography following successive solvent extractions to isolate individual compounds. Every fraction of 20ml has been collected, and a total of 491 fractions were taken. Two phenolic compounds were isolated and initially confirmed by spraying a dilute ferric chloride solution on TLC plate.  Further structure elucidation has been conducted by utilizing several spectrophotometric methods such as UV, IR, 1H &13C NMR, along with mass spectroscopy (MS). Based on spectral analysis, the compound was identified as Quercetin 3,7-di-O-rhamnoside, a flavonoid, along with caffeic acid, a phenolic acid.

Beta-sitosterol, a plant-derived phytosterol, holds promise as an anti-obesity medication. However, its limited bioavailability and low aqueous solubility hinder its therapeutic application. This research aimed to utilize phytosome technology, developed and optimized using Box-Behnken Design (BBD), to enhance the bioavailability of beta-sitosterol. L-α-phosphatidylcholine was used as the lipid carrier in the thin-film hydration process to create phytosomes. Entrapment efficiency (EE%), particle size, zeta potential, and polydispersity index (PDI) were the four dependent responses, and the effects of three independent variables, such as molar ratio, reaction time, and temperature, were systematically assessed. The improved formulation demonstrated robust drug encapsulation, nanoscale size, good colloidal stability, and uniformity with an entrapment efficiency of 86.41%, particle size of 163.53nm, zeta potential of -30.06mV, and Poly dispersity index of 0.2148. When compared to the pure drug, in vitro drug release experiments showed a noticeable, improved and prolonged release profile of beta-sitosterol from the phytosomal formulation. The ideal formulation parameters, determined at a molar ratio of 2:1, a time taken for the reaction of 74.79 minutes at an operating temperature of 38.260C and they were validated by overlay plot analysis. These results demonstrate the potential of this phytosomal strategy to enhance the administration of poorly soluble phytoconstituents, including beta-sitosterol, for anti-obesity treatment and validate the effective use of BBD in modifying phytosomal formulations.

This study examines transcriptional changes caused by treatment using differential gene expression and enrichment analysis. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment revealed notable increase in biological processes connected to ribonucleoprotein complex biogenesis, ribosome biogenesis, and rRNA metabolic processes, as well as cellular components including the nucleolus and organelle lumen. Pathway enrichment with KEGG and Reactome databases showed increased activity in stress-response processes driven by EIF2AK4/GCN2, translation elongation, rRNA processing, and ribosome production. The increase of MYC-controlled gene sets also became clear, implying a key role for MYC in propelling transcriptional and translational activity. The notable enrichment of MYC targets and MYC-serum response genes was confirmed by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA). With several genes exhibiting statistically significant expression changes, differential expression analysis between control and treated conditions revealed different gene regulation patterns, suggesting particular pathways altered by the treatment. These data combined demonstrate that the therapy activates MYC-driven transcriptional programs and increases ribosome and RNA processing activities, implying improved cellular biosynthetic and proliferative potential.

Hepatitis and nephropathy are significant global public health issues. The liver plays a crucial role in the body’s glucose, protein, and lipid metabolism while also facilitating the elimination of waste products and harmful metabolites, thereby preventing toxicity. Similarly, the kidneys, being key components of the excretory system, are particularly vulnerable to a wide array of toxic agents, chemicals, and drug-related injuries. About 80% of people worldwide use traditional medicine to treat a variety of illnesses, according to the World Health Organisation (WHO). However, scientific studies reveal that only about 1% of these plants exhibit therapeutic potential when consumed in extract form by humans. Given the absence of stable liver and kidney protective drugs in conventional allopathic medicine, herbal remedies play a vital role in managing liver and kidney disorders. Herbal medicines are often considered safe and free from significant side effects due to their natural origin and widespread availability. The seeds of Vigna mungo are traditionally utilised in treatments for conditions such as paralysis, rheumatism, nervous system disorders, fever, and as a diuretic and tonic. These seeds are rich in bioactive compounds, including phenolic compounds, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, lipids, ascorbic acid, and enzymes. However, the hepatoprotective effects have not been extensively studied using additional experimental models. Moreover, there is a lack of systematic and scientific analysis regarding their potential renal effects in the existing literature.

Depression is a widespread neuropsychiatric disorder that significantly impairs quality of life and remains a global health concern. While conventional antidepressants are effective, their limitations, such as delayed onset and adverse effects, necessitate the exploration of alternative therapies. Garcinia indica (Kokum), traditionally used in Indian medicine, possesses antioxidant and neuroprotective properties, largely attributed to its rich content of polyphenols. The present study aims to evaluate the antidepressant potential of Garcinia indica fruit rind juice, both alone and in combination with gallic acid, using in-vivo models and molecular docking. The molecular docking (PyRx) study conducted against the MAO-A enzyme, a bioactive constituent from Garcinia indica, Gartanin, exhibited the highest binding affinity (-8.8 kcal/mol) in comparison with fluoxetine (-7.2 kcal/mol) and gallic acid (-6.3 kcal/mol). In-vivo antidepressant models, Tail Suspension Test (Group I to V), Forced Swim Test (Groups IA to VA), and biochemical estimation of MAO-A in both in-vivo models showed highly significant reduction (***p < 0.001) in the immobility period and MAO-A levels for the group treated with Gallic acid (Group IV and Group IVA, 60mg/kg p.o.) along with Garcinia indica fruit rind juice (5 ml/kg p.o.) and Gallic acid (Group V and Group VA, 60mg/kg p.o.) along with Garcinia indica fruit rind juice (10 ml/kg p.o.). This integrated approach has validated the synergistic antidepressant potential of Garcinia indica fruit and gallic acid, offering a promising, plant-based adjunct to current antidepressant therapies with reduced side effects.

Diabetes mellitus is known to elevate oxidative stress, which may lead to the development of complications like cardiomyopathy. As reported by the World Health Organization  (WHO), around 830 million individuals worldwide are suffering from diabetes, and about 1.1% of them suffer from diabetic cardiomyopathy. This highlights the importance of managing diabetes effectively to reduce associated risks. This study aimed to explore the antioxidative and antihyperglycemic potential of hydroalcoholic extracted from the leaves (DRL) as well as from flowers (DRF) of Delonix regia, using phytochemical screening, in-vitro assays, and in-silico methods. Plant extracts were analysed for their total phenolic content coupled with flavonoid determination and GC–MS study profiling to identify biologically active compounds. Molecular docking (AutoDock Vina) was used to assess binding interactions of selected phytochemicals with key carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes, α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Drug-likeness as well as ADMET properties were predicted using Swiss ADME. The antioxidant potential was assessed by DPPH free radical inhibition assay, as well as enzyme inhibition assays were conducted for antidiabetic potential. Phytochemical assessment established the presence of phenolic and flavonoid compounds and 55 other metabolites. Docking results showed that Stigmasterol, Lupeol, Betulin, and β-amyrin strongly bind to α-amylase, whereas Stigmasterol, catechol, gamma sitosterol, and Vitamin E showed binding affinity toward α-glucosidase. ADMET analysis indicated good drug-likeness and non-toxicity. Antioxidant activity (IC₅₀) was 92.22 µg/ml (DRL) and 118.1 µg/ml (DRF), compared to 18.19 µg/ml for ascorbic acid. Enzyme inhibition assays demonstrated strong inhibitory activity against α-amylase (IC50 1.806±0.363 µg/ml for DRL, 4.419 ± 0.347 µg/ml for DRF, and 0.1845 ± 0.10874 µg/ml for acarbose) and α-glucosidase (IC50 0.5263 ± 0.0682 µg /ml for DRL, 2.028 ± 0.5506 µg/ml for DRF, and 13.24 ± 0.05337µg/ml for acarbose), revealing their anti-diabetic potential. Hydroalcoholic extracts of Delonix regia flower and leaf, along with their phytoconstituents, possess potential antioxidant and antidiabetic activities, suggesting their role in diabetes and associated consequences like cardiomyopathy.

Background: Psoriasis is a long-term inflammatory skin disorder marked by immunological dysregulation and keratinocyte hyperproliferation. Although quercetin, a natural flavonoid, has demonstrated strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, its clinical utility is hindered by poor water solubility and limited skin permeability. This study aimed to develop and optimize a Proniosomes delivery system to enhance the dermal delivery of quercetin for effective psoriasis management. Methods: The thin-film hydration method was utilized for the preparation of niosomes loaded with Quercetin, using varying concentrations of cholesterol, Span 60, and soya lecithin. Box–Behnken design was employed to optimize key formulation parameters, targeting minimized particle size, enhanced zeta potential, and maximized drug release. The optimized formulation was characterized for entrapment efficiency (EE%), particle size, in-vitro drug release, ex-vivo skin permeation, and FTIR compatibility studies. Results: FTIR analysis confirmed the absence of significant drug–excipient interactions. The optimal region was identified which demonstrated high drug release (87%), favorable particle size (275 nm), and excellent zeta potential (-39 mV). The percent entrapment efficiency (% EE) of the optimized formulation was found to be 70.79±5.63%, indicating the preparation method of Proniosomes is good and has the potential for scalability. The study highlights the importance of surfactant concentration in controlling drug release and the need for further optimization in the formulation. In-vitro studies demonstrated an efficient and excellent sustained release formulation profile, reaching nearly ~100% over 24 hours, compared to <20% from pure quercetin. Conclusion: Quercetin-loaded Proniosomes effectively enhanced the solubility, stability, and skin penetration of the drug, supporting their potential as a scalable and effective transdermal delivery system for herbal therapy in psoriasis. Further in-vivo studies over the developed nano carrier as Proniosomes are warranted to establish therapeutic efficacy and safety in clinical settings.

The aim of the research work was to formulate and characterize the Calcipotriol loaded niosomal gel for the topical treatment of psoriasis through application of different polymers. Psoriasis is a chronic skin condition in which the skin develops areas that become thick and covered with silvery scales. For psoriasis treatment, topical application is preferred in spite of other dosage form. Use of Fourier transform infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) showed that Calcipotriol was compatible with other excipients in terms of its physical and chemical nature. The gels formulated were analysed for their viscosity, extruding potential, drug content, test of skin irritation, pH of final formulation, along with its stability and in-vitro diffusion profile. The process includes the release of Calcipotriol from all prepared formulations by using dialysis membrane in the pH 6.8 phosphate buffer at 37°C temperature. This characterization study allowed to select the optimized batch from among the formulations prepared. From the data gathered it was ascertained that Calcipotriol has the potential in being used in gel formulation for the therapeutic management of psoriasis.

The present study aimed to isolate and characterize starch extracted from Dioscorea alata (purple yam) tubers and evaluate its potential as a disintegrant in an emulgel formulation using diclofenac as model drug. Starch was extracted using a wet extraction method, and its physicochemical properties, including micromeritics were performed as per standard procedures the starch was found to have excellent. Five starch-based Pickering emulgel was formulated using soy oil, Tween 80, deionized water, Carbopol 934, and starch isolated from the rhizomes of Dioscorea alata as an adjuvant. The isolated starch was incorporated at varying concentrations to assess its impact on emulgel characteristics. Formulations exhibited high spreadability (11.54–15.15 g·cm/s), with increased viscosity observed in those containing 5% and 7.5% starch compared to lower concentrations. Microscopic analysis revealed smaller globule sizes in starch-based emulgels relative to starch-free counterparts. Rheological studies showed that apparent viscosity decreased with rising temperature and increased with rising pH. In vitro release studies confirmed a marked disintegrant property of starch at both pH 5.5 and 7.2, with significantly enhanced drug release from starch-containing formulations. These findings highlight the potential of Dioscorea alata starch as a functional excipient in emulgel systems for topical and rectal drug delivery.

Background: The UV Spectrophotometric method is quick, cost-effective, accurate simple, rapid and precise was developed and validated for simultaneous estimation of Adapalene and Quercetin. Adapalene having anti-acne activity, Comedolytic effect, Keratolytic effect, and Quercetin having anti-inflammatory, Antibacterial, Wound healing activity. Purpose: To develop and validate simultaneous equation method for Adapalene and Quercetin. Materials and method: This method involved estimation using two wavelengths. Since the absorbance of Adapalene and Quercetin reaches its maximum at 320 and 370 nm, respectively, these wavelengths were used to measure the absorbance and to estimate their relative concentrations. Adapalene and Quercetin both follow Beer-Lambert’s rule at concentrations between 2-10 µg/mL.Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was used as common solvent. Result: This method was validated with respect to Linearity, accuracy, precision, Limit of Detection and quantification as per ICH norms. %RSD was found to be less than 2. Linear regression coefficient for Adapalene and Quercetin was found to be 0.9987 and 0.9983 respectively. For Adapalene, the LOD and LOQ values attained are   0.111 µg/mL and 0.33µg/mL. Also, the LOD and LOQ values attained for Quercetin are 3.40 µg/mL and 3.16 µg/mL, correspondingly. Thus, this method was found accurate, precise, and reproducible for simultaneous estimation of Adapalene and Quercetin.

Aim: Amlodipine Besylate (AMD) is an ACE inhibitor widely used as an antihypertensive drug. The present study was aimed at developing a green, solvent-free, and nondestructive quantification of AMD with the aid of Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR FT-IR) Spectrometry in bulk, tablet, and its polymer-based microsphere formulations. Background: To develop a nondestructive, eco-friendly analytical technique for the rapid analysis using an ATR FTIR spectrophotometer. Materials and method: This approach entails gauging the absorbance of the carbonyl group (C=O) peak of AMD at 1676 cm⁻¹ as the optimized wavenumber by measuring the absorbance at various concentration levels. Results and discussion: The Beer’s law linearity range was between 0.1% w/w and 10.0% w/w with the R² value of 0.9986. The concentrations of lab-made amlodipine microspheres and marketed formulations were found to be 99.96%, 100.69%, and 99.49%, respectively. The method’s limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were determined to be 0.0468 mg and 0.1419 mg, respectively. Validation of the proposed method for tablets revealed an RSD of less than 2%, and recovery levels were between 99.18 and 99.50%. Conclusion: The presented research work was novel, since there was no ATR-FTIR spectroscopy method reported earlier for its quantification. Further, the solvent-free and non-destructive analysis makes it unique in comparison to the conventional spectroscopic and chromatographic methods. Moreover, it is rapid, accurate, and precise for the routine analysis of amlodipine in its bulk, polymer-based, and tablet dosage forms.

Hyperlipidemia may lead to a defect of blood vessels that raises the risk of atherosclerotic disease. The heightened prevalence of atherosclerosis is often linked to higher blood cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein levels. Objectives: To study the effects of extended consumption of dietary bitter gourd and turmeric extract on Triton WR 1339-induced hyperlipidemia in rats. Methods: Albino Wistar rats were divided into five groups (6 rats/group) and fed specific diets for 21 days: ad libitum control (A), atorvastatin (B; 10 mg/kg body weight), turmeric extract (C; 150 mg/kg body weight), bitter gourd extract (D; 150 mg/kg body weight), and paired-fed extract (E; 150 mg/kg body weight each extract). Results: Turmeric and bitter gourd extracts significantly reduce alanine transferase, aspartate aminotransferase, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and total cholesterol (p<0.05) compared to atorvastatin, potentially improving liver enzyme levels through antioxidant activity.

A novel, stability-indicating reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was developed and validated for the quantitative estimation of Mirdametinib in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms. The chromatographic separation was achieved on an Agilent Eclipse XDB C18 column (150 × 4.6 mm, 3.5 µm) using an isocratic mobile phase comprising acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid (30:70 v/v). Detection was performed at 223 nm with a flow rate of 1 mL/min and an injection volume of 10 µL. The method was validated in accordance with ICH Q2(R1) guidelines, confirming its specificity, precision, linearity, accuracy, robustness, and sensitivity. Linearity was demonstrated across the concentration range of 25–150 µg/mL with a correlation coefficient (R²) of 0.99979. The system and method precision showed %RSD values below 2.0, while recovery studies confirmed accuracy with values between 99.8% and 100.5%. The limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 0.60 µg/mL and 2.0 µg/mL, respectively. Robustness studies confirmed the method’s reliability under slight variations in chromatographic conditions. Forced degradation studies under acidic, basic, oxidative, thermal, photolytic, and hydrolytic stress conditions demonstrated the method’s capacity to differentiate Mirdametinib from its degradation products. The developed method was successfully applied to the assay of a marketed formulation (GOMEKLI), showing a 99.8% assay value. Overall, the validated RP-HPLC method offers a reliable and precise analytical tool for routine quality control of Mirdametinib.

A robust and stability-indicating RP-HPLC method was developed and validated for the estimation of Inavolisib in bulk and its pharmaceutical formulations. Separation was achieved on a Symmetry Shield RP-18 column (150 × 4.6 mm, 3.5 µm) using an isocratic mobile phase comprising acetonitrile and 0.1% triethylamine (pH adjusted to 2.5 with orthophosphoric acid) in a 1:1 ratio. The method utilized a 1.0 mL/min flow rate with detection at 245 nm. Validation, as per ICH Q2(R1) guidelines, demonstrated excellent specificity, linearity (R² = 0.99967), precision (%RSD < 2%), and accuracy (recovery 99.8–99.9%). The method also proved to be robust and sensitive, with LOD and LOQ values of 0.54 µg/mL and 1.80 µg/mL, respectively. The assay of the marketed product Itovebi confirmed 100.1% of the labeled content. Forced degradation studies under various stress conditions confirmed the method’s capability to separate the drug from its degradation products, supporting its application as a reliable and stability-indicating analytical method for routine quality control of Inavolisib.

Objective: This study aimed to develop Ivacaftor-loaded Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles to enhance drug solubility, pulmonary delivery, and therapeutic efficacy in CF patients. Methods: PLGA was used to prepare Ivacaftor nanoparticles by the single-emulsion solvent evaporation method, using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as a stabilizer and a solvent system of ethanol and dichloromethane. Optimization of the formulation was carried out by changing the polymer-to-drug ratios, surfactant concentration, homogenization speed and time of sonication. The characterization of the produced nanoparticles, including particle size, polydispersity index, encapsulation efficiency, kinetics of drug release, and stability, was assessed. Results: The optimized formulation achieved high encapsulation efficiency alongside a narrow size distribution and mean particle size that was tailored for pulmonary administration. In vitro drug release studies showed sustained release of the drug, exhibiting zero-order kinetics. Stability studies confirmed the physical and chemical stability of the nanoparticles over the duration of the storage period. Conclusion: The PLGA nanoparticulate system containing Ivacaftor, developed in this study, holds potential for targeted pulmonary delivery in cystic fibrosis therapies. The system is designed to improve solubility and enable controlled drug release, thereby increasing bioavailability, reducing systemic exposure, and improving patient adherence through less frequent dosing. Further investigations, both in vivo and clinical, are needed to establish its therapeutic promise.

This study aimed to develop and optimize Efavirenz-loaded proniosomal formulations to enhance its oral bioavailability, stability, and controlled release characteristics. Proniosomes were prepared using a slurry method incorporating Span 60, cholesterol, Efavirenz, and maltodextrin as a carrier matrix. A 2⁴ factorial design was employed to systematically investigate the influence of formulation variables on critical quality attributes such as particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and encapsulation efficiency (EE%). The optimized formulation exhibited a particle size of ~490 nm, PDI < 0.3, zeta potential of −19.76 mV, and EE% of 78.12 %, indicating a stable and uniform vesicular system. Morphological analysis using optical microscopy. In-vitro release studies showed a biphasic release pattern with an initial blast following a sustained release over 24 hours. Drug release kinetics best fit the first-order and Korsmeyer-Peppas models, suggesting diffusion-controlled mechanisms. Pharmacokinetic evaluation in rats revealed that the optimized formulation achieved higher Cmax (789.6 ng/mL), prolonged half-life (4.12 h), and significantly increased AUC (6051.83 ng·h/mL) than plain Efavirenz (Cmax 132.21 ng/mL, t½ 2.04 h, AUC 854.43 ng·h/mL), confirming improved bioavailability. These findings underscore the potential of proniosomal carriers as a great delivery platform for enhancing the therapeutic performance of Efavirenz via oral administration.

The growing pandemic of chronic conditions, such as cancer, and the building of the demographics towards the aging population have created severe pressure on home healthcare services that need to be firm in their vision and scalable. Episodic in-home care models are traditionally insufficient in early clinical decline detection, which results in costly Hospital readmission and poor patient outcomes. The purpose of the study is to assess the value of Remote Patient Monitoring (RPM)-based home healthcare delivery offered with the help of the Internet of Things (IoT). It also researches how repetitive monitoring of physiological systems, instant data analytics, and integration of various systems can influence clinical outcomes and simplify the workflow and patient engagement. Mixed-methods research was conducted, and a synthetic cohort patient population (500 inpatients in the home health space) was created and tracked during three months. The IoT devices provided daily vitals such as SpO2, heart rate, and temperature, and triaging alerts were built into a dashboard that offered complete triaging. Quantitative measures such as readmission rates, emergency department (ED) visits, and adherence rates were investigated with the help of the t-tests and chi-square. Thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews addressing 25 healthcare managers and 30 patients was done to determine the operational, experiential, and adoption-related factors. Deployment of RPM reduced 30-day hospital readmission by 32% and ED visits by 25%. The realization of medication and vital sign compliance has increased by 40% among the RPM group compared to the non-RPM group. The qualitative feedback indicated the improvement of triage accuracy, decreased clinicians’ workload, and increased patient confidence. Such challenges as difficulties in device setup at an early stage, the lack of digital literacy, and reimbursement issues were considered central barriers. The IoT-driven RPM systems offer a comprehensive and flexible system for increased home healthcare delivery. When used in conjunction with clinical processes and reinforced through patient education, these technologies will minimize the use of acute care and advance proactive prevention. RPM has been recommended to policymakers and healthcare providers as one of the best ways to provide value-based care that can lead to improved results and greater operational resilience.

Erlotinib, a known tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), has played a vital role in the management of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and pancreatic cancer. Despite its therapeutic success, challenges such as low aqueous solubility, reduced bioavailability, and emerging drug resistance limit its long-term clinical use. In response to these concerns, the present study explores a novel approach—forming metal complexes of Erlotinib with selected transition metals—to potentially improve its pharmacological profile. The drug was initially characterized through UV-visible and FTIR spectroscopy to ensure structural integrity and purity. Metal complexation was achieved by reacting a mildly alkaline ethanolic solution of Erlotinib with ethanolic solutions of metal chlorides, namely CuCl₂, FeCl₃, ZnCl₂, MgCl₂, and MnCl₂. The process involved dropwise addition of metal solutions with continuous stirring, followed by an incubation period that facilitated the formation of stable complexes. Shifts in λmax values and unique mass spectral fragmentation patterns confirmed the successful coordination of metal ions with Erlotinib. By altering the drug’s electronic environment through metal binding, the study demonstrates a promising pathway to enhance Erlotinib’s physicochemical and therapeutic characteristics. The outcomes encourage further pharmacological exploration and suggest that metal complexation may help address some of the limitations associated with Erlotinib monotherapy.

This cohort study investigates the association between COVID-19 infection and cognitive function in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), a population inherently at risk for neurocognitive impairment. A total of 1,769 T2DM patients were evaluated, comprising 1,356 individuals with a confirmed history of COVID-19 and 413 without. Standardized cognitive assessments using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), along with psychosocial (PHQ-9, GAD-7), functional (ADL), and inflammatory parameters (CRP, D-Dimer), were used to quantify outcomes. Patients with a history of COVID-19 exhibited significantly lower global MMSE scores and higher rates of mild and moderate-to-severe cognitive impairment compared to their non-infected counterparts. Additionally, they demonstrated elevated depressive and anxiety symptoms, poorer sleep quality, and increased inflammatory burden. Multivariate regression analysis identified COVID-19 severity, systemic inflammation, and depression scores as significant independent predictors of cognitive decline. These findings highlight a clear relationship between COVID-19 infection and accelerated cognitive deterioration in T2DM patients and underscore the need for integrated post-COVID cognitive screening and multidisciplinary management strategies tailored for this high-risk population.

The goal of this work was to improve the solubility, permeability, and therapeutic effectiveness of canagliflozin, a weakly water-soluble antidiabetic medication, by creating and refining a transdermal patch based on a self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS). Transdermal administration guarantees continuous drug release, enhances patient compliance, and avoids first-pass metabolism. Tween 20, caprylic acid, and groundnut oil were shown to be the best excipients by solubility screening. The formulation variables were optimized using a Box-Behnken design and a pseudo-ternary phase diagram. With a globule size of 142.9 nm, a PDI of 0.420, and a zeta potential of −27.0 mV, the optimized SNEDDS, which included 1.68 g groundnut oil, 0.7663 g Tween 20, and 0.1573 g caprylic acid, had good physical stability and homogeneity. FTIR, DSC, and XRD confirmed drug-excipient compatibility and the amorphous nature of the formulation. The SNEDDS was successfully incorporated into a transdermal patch and demonstrated excellent emulsification efficiency. The developed system offers a promising non-invasive platform for sustained canagliflozin delivery, potentially improving its bioavailability and clinical effectiveness in managing type 2 diabetes mellitus.

The article presents the development and validation of a basic, precise, and versatile RP-HPLC technique for quantifying molnupiravir in bulk medication and capsule formulations. A Zodiac C18 column (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) was used with an isocratic mobile phase comprising 15 mM ammonium acetate, acetonitrile, and methanol (70:20:10 v/v) at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min. Detection occurred at 236 nm with a retention duration of 11.7 minutes. The technique was verified in accordance with ICH requirements for linearity, accuracy, precision, robustness, sensitivity, and system appropriateness. Linearity was detected throughout the range of 3.12–100 μg/mL, with a correlation value (R²) of 0.9999. The LOD was determined to be 2.06 μg/mL, while the LOQ was established at 6.87 μg/mL. Forced degradation experiments revealed substantial breakdown in basic and oxidative environments, although the drug remained stable in acidic and photolytic settings. The suggested approach demonstrated suitability for regular quality control and stability assessments of molnupiravir in pharmaceutical formulations.

Fungal skin infections remain a clinical challenge and motivate development of alternative topical therapeutics. Chrysophanol, a natural anthraquinone, has limited cutaneous bioavailability, prompting formulation into nanocarriers to enhance delivery. In this study, Chrysophanol-loaded nanoemulsion (NE) and a corresponding nanogel were developed and optimized for dermal application. The optimized NE (F13) exhibited a mean droplet size of 231 nm, zeta potential −23 mV, and high entrapment efficiency (97.65 ± 0.35%). The nanogel displayed dermally acceptable pH (6.25 ± 0.11) and suitable rheology/spreadability. In vitro release studies confirmed sustained release (98.84 ± 2.59% from NE; 96.47 ± 2.96% from the nanogel). Functional evaluation was performed using in vitro antifungal enzyme inhibition assays targeting phospholipases and proteases. Relative to the pure extract, the NE increased inhibition to 61.37 ± 1.45% (phospholipase) and 55.29 ± 1.28% (protease), while the nanogel achieved 73.25 ± 1.62% and 69.84 ± 1.37%, respectively, approaching the standard ketoconazole (79.41 ± 1.18% and 74.92 ± 1.04%). These findings indicate that Chrysophanol nanocarriers improved enzyme-level antifungal activity while providing favorable physicochemical attributes for topical use, supporting their further development as promising natural antifungal formulations.

This work sought to formulate and optimize Metronidazole-loaded nanosponges to improve solubility, entrapment efficiency, and sustained release.  Nanosponges were synthesized by the emulsion solvent evaporation technique and optimized utilizing a central composite design.  Among 20 formulations, batch F9 demonstrated excellent results with a mean particle size of 200.78 nm, a zeta potential of −31.7 mV, and a polydispersity index of 0.205, signifying a uniform nanosized dispersion. The entrapment efficiency varied between 81.55% and 85.95%, with formulation F9 exhibiting the greatest efficiency at 85.95 ± 0.95% and a drug loading capacity of 79.53 ± 0.13%. In-vitro release tests indicated sustained drug release, with F9 attaining 95.15 ± 1.20% release within 12 hours, adhering to zero-order kinetics (R² = 0.9973) and a Higuchi diffusion-controlled mechanism (R² = 0.9217). Capsule formulation of the optimized batch showed consistent drug content (99.15 ± 0.02%) and stability over 90 days without significant changes in release profile (94.10 ± 0.01% at 3 months). These findings suggest that nanosponge-based delivery of Metronidazole offers improved solubility, entrapment, and sustained release with good stability, making it a promising approach for effective oral drug delivery.

Cilnidipine, a poorly water-soluble calcium channel blocker, presents challenges in bioavailability. The present study focused on formulating and characterizing β-cyclodextrin-based nanosponges to improve its solubility, entrapment efficiency, and stability. Nanosponges were synthesized using varying concentrations of β-cyclodextrin and ethyl cellulose, with dichloromethane employed as the cross-linking agent. Particle size and polydispersity index (PDI) were determined using dynamic light scattering. Surface morphology was assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while drug-polymer interactions and crystallinity were analyzed through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). Among all formulations (F1-F4), F3 showed superior performance with a drug loading efficiency of 28.63%, minimal particle size (255.6 nm), and low PDI (0.251), suggesting optimal nanosponge formation. SEM images of F3 revealed uniform, spherical structures with porous surfaces conducive to drug encapsulation. FTIR analysis confirmed successful drug entrapment through notable molecular interactions. Thermal and crystallographic studies demonstrated a transition of Cilnidipine from its crystalline form to an amorphous state in F3, indicative of enhanced solubility and encapsulation. The F3 formulation emerged as the most promising nanosponge system for delivering Cilnidipine, offering significant improvements in solubility and stability. These findings support the potential of nanosponge-based carriers in enhancing the oral bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs and advancing controlled drug delivery technologies.

Creation of amyloid β (Aβ) peptides involved in disease progression is the important pathway in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) progression and that is a crucial target for the treatment of AD. NMDA receptor antagonists have emerged as a promising strategy to lower Aβ levels and slow AD development. However, because the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is so restrictive, their efficacy is restricted when administered systemically. In AD, inflammation, oxidative stress, and the buildup of abnormal proteins like amyloid and tau are common and recent research suggests use of curcumin may help counteract these damaging processes and protect neurons. Unfortunately, both NMDA receptor antagonists and curcumin face challenges crossing the BBB, resulting in poor brain uptake. The nose-to-brain (NtB) delivery route offers a potential solution by bypassing the BBB and allowing direct access to the brain. Liposomal drug delivery systems enhances drug reach by improving efficient transport to the brain as well as greater drug stability. This study used the rotary evaporation method to prepare memantine liposomes and coupled memantine-curcumin liposomes, which were then evaluated In-vitro. The findings indicate that liposomal formulations of memantine and memantine-curcumin can promote effective intracellular drug delivery, potentially cross tight junctions in the BBB, and may help reduce amyloid plaque formation and inflammation, highlighting their promise as an AD treatment via NtB delivery having good physicochemical properties and stability of drug.

The main objective of the present study was to investigate cytotoxic activity of the phytoconstituent of Duranta erecta L. against the HL-60 cell line using SRB assay. Column chromatographic method & Preparative Thin Layer Chromatography was used for the separation of phytochemicals from chloroform extract of the stem of Duranta erecta. Three isolated compounds were identified as well as confirmed by using different analytical techniques like UV, FTIR, 1H & 13C NMR and MS. In vitro cytotoxic activity of these compounds was screened using SRB assay against Leukemia cancer cell lines in humans (HL-60). The compounds Ursolic acid, Pyrocatechol and Kaempferol were separated and confirmed from the chloroform extract. All extracted compounds exhibited inhibition of the HL-60 cell lines and showed IC50 values less than 165µg/ml. Moreover, Ursolic acid (IC5098.6µg/ml) was more cytotoxic than other isolated compounds when tested on the cell line model.The statistically significant difference (P<0.05) in cytotoxic activity of extract was observed relative to standard compound when examined by independent student t test. Amongst three compounds Ursolic acid anticancer activity was different by statistic (P<0.05) than Pyrocatechol as well as Kaempferol. Additionally, the compounds which were isolated from the extract of chloroform of D. erecta show dose-dependent cytotoxic activity on HL-60 cell lines. This study suggested that the Duranta erecta is a promising source of bioactive chemicals having anticancer activity which could be used in the cancer drug discovery process.

Currently, SGLT2 inhibitors have established themselves as an efficacious class of agents to treat type-2 diabetes mellitus with main action of increasing glucose excretion through urine. This report describes the design, synthesis & assessment of innovative C-aryl glycoside-based SGLT2 inhibitors with an enhanced binding affinity and dual inhibition potential. For rational drug design, enhanced H-bonding, π-π stacking, and hydrophobic interactions were derived from critical key heterocyclic phenols and alcohols so as to rope in SGLT2 inhibitors against C-aryl glycosides-based SGLT2 inhibitors. As per molecular docking analysis, QPB-1 was found to be having the best affinity (Vina score: -10.7) compared with dapagliflozin (-10.0) and empagliflozin (-8.7) against a panel of key residues in Pocket C2 (ASP21, ASP25, ILE26, PHE33, and TRP172). On the other side, biological assessment with α-amylase inhibition assays showed that QPB-1 (85% inhibition, IC₅₀ = 25 µM) was comparable to acarbose (85%, IC₅₀ = 24 µM) and superior to dapagliflozin (78%, IC₅₀ = 32 µM) and empagliflozin (74%, IC₅₀ = 40 µM). Other promising derivatives, QPB-9 (80%, IC₅₀ = 30 µM) and QPB-6 (77%, IC₅₀ = 35 µM), also exhibited strong inhibitory activity. This indicates that our novel C-aryl glycoside-based inhibitors have enhanced stability, stronger inhibition, and dual glucose-lowering mechanisms, qualifying them as promising candidates for next-generation antidiabetic therapy. Further studies, including preclinical evaluation and pharmacokinetic profiling, are being planned to test the therapeutic prospect of these agents.

The tumor suppressor protein p53 has a mutant form, p53-Y220C, which is structurally destabilized and frequently is associated with enhanced cancer progression. The present study undertook the refinement of the crystal structure of the mutant (PDB ID: 2J1X) using the server PDB-REDO, so that the model would improve its quality by the R-free value from 0.2041 to 0.1791, increasing above the 89% favorite Ramachandran residues to 95%. Structural validation ProSA-Web Z-score of -6.03 indicates reliability of the model according to the analysis of up to number ERRAT Overall Quality Factor 94.72%. Virtual screening of FDA-approved drugs applied Paritaprevir (-9.6 kcal/mol), Eribulin (-9.5), and Dutasteride (-9.3 kcal/mol) as candidates stabilizing mutant cavity. VERIFY 3D analysis confirmed refined model with 93.08% residues scoring ≥0.1. These output states that the optimized p53-Y220C mutant structure is applicable for in silico drug screening paving the way for more experimental validation of repurposed drug candidates.

The medicinal plant Atalantia racemosa is effective against a wide range of illnesses.  Several secondary metabolites found in the plant are thought to be responsible for its medicinal properties.  The purpose of this research is to determine whether or not an ethanolic extract of Atalantia racemosa stems and leaves has anti-inflammatory properties.  According to the results of this research, the ethanolic stem extract has powerful effects.  Therefore, the ethanolic extract of the stem was used to isolate the component.  Then, FTIR, NMR, and mass spectra were used to analyse this isolated molecule.  Rutin, or 3, 3′, 4′, 5, 7-pentahydroxyflavone-3-rutinoside, was determined to be the isolated component based on these spectral analyses.  Anti-inflammatory effect of ethanolic stem extract is thus attributed to Rutin.

The study investigates the extraction, isolation, and characterization of bioactive compounds from Blatta orientalis, an insect traditionally recognized in ethnomedicine for its medicinal properties. With an increasing demand for novel pharmacologically active compounds, insects represent an untapped resource in the search for new therapeutics. This research aimed to extract bioactive compounds from B. orientalis using ethanol as a solvent, followed by a series of purification techniques to isolate the key active components. The bioactive compounds were isolated through thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), ensuring compound purity for further analysis. Structural characterization was performed using advanced spectroscopic methods, including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and mass spectrometry (MS), to elucidate the functional groups, molecular structure, and molecular weight of the isolated compounds. The findings revealed multiple bioactive compounds, including alkaloids and phenolic compounds, with potential antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. This study contributes to the understanding of B. orientalis as a source of bioactive compounds, highlighting its potential applications in developing natural therapeutics. The comprehensive approach combining chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques allowed for the effective identification of compounds, setting a foundation for further pharmacological studies. The insights gained underscore the relevance of B. orientalis as a valuable source of bioactive compounds and emphasize the need for further research to fully explore its therapeutic potential. This study thus paves the way for the potential development of B. orientalis-derived products in natural medicine and pharmacology.

Background: Bronchitis is classified as a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which can manifest in either acute or chronic forms, contingent upon its severity. The primary etiology of this condition is cigarette smoking. Lygodium flexuosum (Lygodiacae) is well known as a Choti Bhulan Climbing fern used as a traditional medicine. Objective: The aim of our research was to examine the preventive potential of Methanolic extract of Lygodium flexuosum Root in cigarette smoke-induced bronchitis by investigating the biochemical, hematological, histological, and cytological approaches in wistar rats. Methods: In this study, 30 rats were used. The animals were randomly divided into five subgroups, including normal control, negative control, the STD receiving Salbutamol 2 mg/kg, and two treatment groups receiving the L. flexuosum methanolic extract at 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg concentrations (Figure 1). The rats except for the Normal control (exposed to free air) were negative control and treatment groups exposed to cigarette smoke twice a day roughly 10 A.M and 3 P.M for continuous five days per week i.e. 20 days per month using special smoking chamber. Twenty days later a bronchitis model in the rats was achieved. From day 20 onward, plant extracts were administered orally once daily until day 28. The rats were sacrificed and blood, BALF from lung, serum samples of them collected for investigates biochemical, hematological, parameters and isolate the lungs for morphology, histology and cytology study. One-way ANOVA was used to examine the mean differences between the groups. Tukey’s post hoc test was then used to determine any intergroup differences.  Results: Both doses of L. flexuosum could significantly (p < 0.001) reduce the raised levels of Total WBC count specially Lymphocytes, Neutrophils and Eosinophil cells, CRP level, IL-6 and Total Albumin and total protein contains of lungs as compared to the negative control group. Conclusion: The obtained results indicated the bronchitis protective properties of L. flexuosum methanolic extract.

Objective: The primary aim was to determine the solubility of isolated bioactive peptides (BPs) from Ragi (Eleusine coracana L.) A review of the literature revealed that there is no UV-visible method to measure bioactive peptides is developed yet. Therefore, it is necessary to design and authenticate an accurate, simple, exact, durable and economical UV visible spectrophotometric method of the quantification of bioactive peptides derived from Ragi. Method: The solubility of bioactive peptides derived from Ragi was evaluated in DMSO, methanol, and buffers at pH levels of 1.2, 4.5 (Acetate and phosphate), 6.8, 7.4 and 10, using the saturated solubility determination technique. A standard solution was prepared using the selected solvent, and the maximum absorbance wavelength (λmax) was identified. Subsequently, a calibration curve was constructed based on absorbance measurements. The method’s analytical performance was assessed by evaluating parameters including linearity, range, precision, accuracy, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), and robustness, in accordance with the International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) Q2 (R2) guidelines. Result: Bioactive peptides isolated from Eleusine coracana (ragi) exhibited highest solubility in phosphate buffer at pH 7.4, followed by buffers at pH 6.8, pH 10, and organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and methanol. The peptides showed maximum absorbance at a wavelength of 379 nm. A linear response consistent with the Beer-Lambert law was observed over the concentration range of 100–1000 µg/ml, yielding a correlation coefficient (R²) of 0.993. The method demonstrated a limit of detection (LOD) of 2.89 µg/ml and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 8.76 µg/ml. Precision and repeatability assessments were within acceptable regulatory thresholds, with relative standard deviation (RSD) values below 2%. Recovery studies indicated an accuracy range between 98.23% and 100.03%. Conclusion: The study concluded that the isolated BPs demonstrate diverse solubility in various solvents. The established process was accurate, exact, reproducible, easy, ecologically sustainable, repeatable, and cost-effective, rendering it appropriate for quantifying BPs in pharmaceutical dosage forms.

The current study emphases on development and assessment of MUPS capsules and tablets incorporating coated pellets of three drugs Tolbutamide, Saxagliptin, and Verapamil targeted for combined therapeutic management of diabetes and hypertension. The coated pellets were formulated to achieve controlled and sustained drug release, enhancing bioavailability and minimizing drug-drug interactions. Pellet coating used several polymers to customize the release profile of each medication. The generated pellets were examined for their in-vitro dissolving behavior, medication content, particle size, and form. Crushed MUPS pills were made by inserting the coated pellets inside capsules. Next, the disintegration time, flow properties, tablet hardness, friability, and drug release kinetics were assessed. Because of their stable, uniform drug release, and sufficient mechanical strength, the improved MUPS formulations shown potential as efficient oral dosage forms for combination therapy. This method might be used to give patients several different drugs in one dosage form, which could help them stick to their therapy and get better outcomes.

The present investigation aims towards green synthesis and biological evaluation of nanoparticles containing silver (AgNPs) incorporated with Annona squamosa extracts. Optimization using Central Composite Design in Design Expert software identified ideal conditions: 1mM AgNO3, 1% extract, 90-minute reaction time, and 700 rpm stirring. Extract amount and mixing time inversely influenced particle size, while AgNO3 concentration and stirring speed had a direct impact. AgNPs sized 105–508 nm were stabilized by phenolic compounds. Antibacterial activity was attributed to silver ion release, which disrupted bacterial structures and functions, with Gram-negative bacteria being more susceptible. Nanoparticles under 10 nm showed enhanced cell penetration. Converting extracts into nanoparticles enhanced antimicrobial efficacy through synergistic interactions. In anticancer studies, Annona squamosa extract exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxicity, more effective on A431 than A375 cell lines. Nanoparticle formulations showed varied IC50 values depending on concentration. Overall, green-synthesized AgNPs demonstrated promising antimicrobial and anticancer potential.

The present study emphases on formulation, optimization, and assessment of a methotrexate-loaded nanogel (MXT-NGs) for current topical treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. MTX, a potent antimetabolite, faces encounters as systemic toxicity, poor solubility, and non-specific distribution when administered conventionally. To overcome these limitations, nanogel formulations were developed using Carbopol 934, HPMC K15, and Tween 80, and optimized through a Box-Behnken Design (BBD) approach. Seventeen formulations (MXT-NGs-F1–MXT-NGs-F17) were evaluated for physicochemical properties including pH, viscosity, spreadability, entrapment efficiency, zeta potential, drug content, and particle size. DSC, FTIR, SEM, and XRD analyses inveterate compatibility, amorphization of drug, and nanoscale morphology. The optimized formulation (MXT-NGs-F16) exhibited favorable characteristics: entrapment efficiency (76.65%), high drug content (96.45%), small particle size (123.74 nm), and sustained drug release up to 12 hours. Ex vivo permeation also in vivo studies in a CFA-induced arthritis rat model demonstrated significantly reduced paw edema, arthritis index score, and biochemical markers of inflammation (ALT, AST, ALP, TNF-α, IL-1β) with enhanced antioxidant levels (GSH, SOD, CAT). These conclusions highlight probable of optimized methotrexate nanogel as a promising transdermal delivery system for enhanced management of rheumatoid arthritis with reduced systemic side effects.

The infectious, contagious disease tuberculosis (TB), which is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MT), frequently lasts the entirety of a person’s life and results in the formation of tubercles in various parts of the body. This condition is exceedingly difficult to treat because of the complicated connections between different side effects and drug resistance. Along with AIDS and malaria, TB is a strain on healthcare systems in developing countries. Oxidoreductase enzyme was selected for molecular docking. The docking includes the comparison of docking results of Standard ligand that is 6TEV and molecular docking results of Riboflavin- Isoniazid Conjugate. The study used a linker (Riboflavin- Succinic Acid Linker) to create the molecule known as riboflavin-isoniazid conjugate. Melting point and TLC were used to verify the compound’s purity. The final compound was confirmed using FTIR, NMR and HRMS study. Conjugate was tested for anti-tubercular activity using the Microplate Almar Blue Assay (MABA).

This study aimed to design, develop, and assess multiparticulate pulsatile drug delivery for the chronotherapeutic administration of Azelnidipine and Telmisartan. PVP K- 30 has been employed as a binder in the result layering fashion for manufacturing the drug- loaded bullets (pallets). The polymer affect amalgamation of Eudragit RS 100 and RL 100 at varying composition was applied to the drug- loaded peerless globules using a amalgamation of IPA:DCM (7:3), triethyl citrate (TEC) as a plasticizer, and talc as an anti-sticking agent. The set bullets (pellets) were also estimated for FTIR, Flow properties, friability, medicine (drug) content, SEM and in vitro dissolution study. FTIR study reveals no commerce between drug and polymer. SEM study vindicated the smooth appearance of coating over the surface of pellets. Pallets carpeted with 10% polymer coating weight gain showed promising lag-time and detention drug release. Batch F6 prepared with 60:40 rate of eudragit RS and RL 100 polymer gives total lag time of 4 hrs and drug release in 8 hr. The stability of the farther bettered carpeted pellet expression was excavated. After three months of storage at 45 °C/ 75% RH, expression F7 was set up to have no distinguishable changes in its physical appearance, drug content, or in- vitro dissolution pattern.

Memantine-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (MNPs) were created utilizing the ionic gelation technique in order to get over these restrictions. MNP4 was chosen as the optimal formulation for additional characterization because it showed the highest entrapment efficiency (%EE) of 84.73±1.214% among the formulations. According to in vitro tests utilizing a Franz diffusion cell, this improved formulation had a non-Fickian super case II drug release mechanism, first-order release kinetics (r2 = 0.913), and an average particle size of 298.6 nm with a zeta potential (ZP) of +24.5 mV. Using single or mixed polymers, the optimized nanoparticles (MNP4) were then added to thin mucoadhesive buccal films (BFs) via the traditional solvent casting method. The mechanical strength, mucoadhesive qualities, swelling behavior, and in vitro drug release of the resultant buccal films were assessed. MNBF6 was the most effective buccal film among the formulations; it had the highest mucoadhesive strength (7.5±0.22 N) and the largest drug release at the 12-hour mark. Goat buccal mucosa was used for ex vivo permeation tests on this product. The purpose of this study was to compare the improved permeability of memantine from the optimized buccal film loaded with nanoparticles (MNBF6) to a film containing the medication in its plain form (MBF10). The results validate the possibility of using buccal films with Memantine-loaded nanoparticles as a viable substitute delivery method to enhance Memantine bioavailability and therapeutic effectiveness for the management of symptoms associated with Alzheimer’s disease.

Transdermal patches were analyzed for weight variation to ensure uniform distribution of the drug. The patches were measured for thickness in order to determine their physical dimensions, which plays a crucial role in the consistency of drug release. We evaluated the patch’s flexibility and durability by folding them repeatedly, simulating real-world conditions. Analyzing the percentage moisture content of the patches gave insight into their ability to absorb moisture during storage, which was crucial for maintaining their stability. Analysis of drug content ensures consistent dosage delivery by ensuring uniformity and accuracy. Testing the patches’ ability to penetrate the skin barrier was conducted using skin membrane models. An evaluation of the patch safety profile was conducted and minimal irritation potential was ensured by testing the patches on the skin. A study of the atenolol release profile from transdermal patches over time was conducted in vitro, providing insight into the patches’ potential for sustained release.

Background: Wound healing is a multifaceted physiological process involving inflammation, tissue regeneration and remodeling. Silver sulfadiazine remains a conventional topical treatment; its clinical use is often limited by delayed epithelialization and cytotoxicity. Medicinal plants, rich in diverse bioa ctive compounds, are recognized as safer alternatives for wound management. Hence, this study aimed to formulate a standardized polyherbal gel using Trigonella foenum-graecum, Lawsonia inermis, Basella alba, Peristrophe paniculata and Portulaca oleracea and to evaluate its phytochemical composition and wound-healing efficacy. Methods: A Carbopol-based gel incorporating hydroalcoholic extracts of the selected plants was developed. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was employed to identify and quantify key phytoconstituents, protocatechuic acid, syringic acid, kaempferol, apigenin and diosmetin. In vivo evaluation was conducted using zebrafish (Danio rerio) wound models, including superficial mechanical injury and tail fin transection, with wound closure assessed for seven days. Histopathological analyses were also performed. Results: HPLC analysis confirmed the stability and quantifiable presence of bioactive phytochemicals, with excellent linearity (R² > 0.999). The polyherbal gel demonstrated significant wound-healing activity, with wound closure rates of 88.7% ± 2.7 in mechanical injury and 94.5% ± 2.1 in tail fin transection by Day 7, outperforming untreated controls and exhibiting superior efficacy to 1% silver sulfadiazine. Histopathological assessment revealed organized re-epithelialization, restored fin structure and reduced inflammation in gel-treated groups. Conclusion: The formulated polyherbal gel offers a safe, biocompatible and efficacious topical therapy for wound healing. Its synergistic phytoconstituents contribute to enhanced regeneration, supporting its potential for further preclinical and clinical translation in wound care.

The present study aimed to synthesize glucosamine sulphate from a natural vegan source, formulate it into tablets, and evaluate its physicochemical and pharmaceutical properties. Glucosamine hydrochloride was extracted from the cell wall of Agaricus bisporus (A. bisporus) mushrooms by converting chitin into chitosan, followed by enzymatic hydrolysis with α-amylase and glucoamylase. The hydrolyzed product was subsequently converted into glucosamine sulphate and characterized using FTIR, PXRD, thermal analysis, microscopic examination, and micromeritic studies. The compound was further formulated into tablets and evaluated for pharmaceutical performance. Glucosamine sulphate was successfully synthesized from A. bisporus, with an overall yield of 2% from wet biomass. FTIR confirmed the structural identity, while PXRD established its crystalline nature. The product exhibited low hygroscopicity (0.2% mo555isture content) and good thermal stability, as indicated by DSC. Micromeritic studies showed acceptable flow and compressibility properties, supporting suitability for tableting. Coated tablets demonstrated efficient drug release, achieving \~90% dissolution within 60 minutes. Glucosamine sulphate synthesized from A. bisporus mushrooms showed satisfactory yield, desirable physicochemical properties, and rapid dissolution, highlighting its potential as a sustainable natural source for the prevention and management of osteoarthritis.

The study involves design, in-silico evaluation and synthesis of new Tacrine-based heterocyclic derivatives as neuroprotective agents. The need for efficient treatments that can target several pathogenic pathways is vital given the rising incidence of numerous disorders involving neuronal degeneration and subsequent neuronal death, which need neuroprotective agents.  By combining Tacrine with a heterocyclic scaffold, the study seeks to take advantage of its dual binding ability of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE). A comprehensive literature survey was conducted, to identify suitable heterocyclic moieties with reported cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitory and neuroprotective activity. In the present research new Tacrine-thiazolidine derivatives were designed and has been synthesized and later checked for AChE inhibitory activity. The structural characterization was done using various spectroscopic techniques, including IR, ¹H-NMR and Mass Spectroscopy. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities of the synthesized compounds were diagnosed. Among the synthesized compounds, compound S2M1, which contains unsubstituted phenyl ring on thiazolidinone linked to Tacrine-Nitrogen through Ethylene Bridge, exhibited the most significant inhibitory effects against AChE, with 56.41% as a percent inhibition of AChE compared to that of scopolamine. In-silico insights shown very good binding interactions of compound S2M1 with AChE enzyme. Additionally, in silico assessments indicated that all synthesized compounds possess favourable drug-like characteristics and are predicted to be non-toxic, but amongst all S2M1 proves to be the most competent derivative as AChE inhibitor.

Buccal drug delivery is ideal for first-pass drugs, enabling systemic delivery through the buccal mucosa while bypassing hepatic metabolism. This review highlights amphiphilic mucoadhesive films that deliver functionalized permeation enhancers and smart polymers for controlled, sustained release in the buccal environment. Buccal tissue’s layered structure, permeation barriers, saliva washout, and rapid turnover underscore the need for dual-functional systems. These systems, with mucoadhesive properties for retention and enhancers for absorption, improve drug efficacy against mucosal barriers. Smart polymers responsive to pH, temperature, enzymes, and light adjust release profiles to the local environment, enhancing therapy and reducing dosing. Advances in nanocomposite, multilayer, in situ forming films, and 3D-printed and biosensor-integrated films further boost buccal delivery. Nanocomposite films enhance bioavailability, multilayer films ensure stability, in situ films solidify for snug fit, and 3D printing allows personalized designs. Biosensors enable real-time treatment monitoring and adjustments. This review discusses formulation innovations, showing the promise of mucoadhesive and permeation-enhancing technologies for greater therapeutic efficacy, patient compliance, and clinical potential.

Polypharmacy is a prominent issue within the pharmacy field, denoting the simultaneous utilization of numerous drugs by an individual patient. The aforementioned phenomenon has experienced a notable rise within contemporary healthcare settings, primarily attributed to the advancing age of the population and the escalating prevalence of chronic illnesses. Although the utilization of multiple medications, known as polypharmacy, may be essential for the management of intricate health conditions, it presents significant challenges. This review aims to examine the fundamental elements of polypharmacy, encompassing its etiology and ramifications. The analysis will explore the underlying variables contributing to this occurrence. Furthermore, this paper will examine the detrimental consequences associated with polypharmacy, encompassing heightened probabilities of medication errors, drug interactions, and adverse drug responses. The significance of medication evaluation and management in tackling polypharmacy will also be emphasized in the review. Pharmacists occupy a pivotal position in the process of optimizing pharmaceutical regimens, safeguarding patient well-being, and augmenting therapeutic results. Moreover, it will underscore the necessity of interprofessional coordination among healthcare practitioners to address and alleviate the potential hazards linked to polypharmacy. Polypharmacy presents a multifaceted issue within modern healthcare, carrying significant consequences for both patient safety and overall welfare. Pharmacists play a crucial role in resolving this matter and advocating for the logical, safe, and effective utilization of medications, leveraging their specialized knowledge in drug management.

Traditional trial-and-error techniques are currently giving way to data-driven approaches by integrating artificial intelligence in herbal drug research. Although herbals have been recognized for centuries, for their potential in treatment of various health conditions but now confronting the difficulties with their identification, laborious extraction and inadequate bioavailability. Drug development, target recognition, quality assurance, precision medicines and poly or allo-herbal synergy assessment are among the many of the domains of the herbal research which are being transformed by Artificial intelligence strategies, such as machine learning, deep learning and natural language processing. Such techniques estimate the pharmacokinetics and toxicity profiles of bioactive components, enhance molecular screening and provide highly precise plant identification through these neural networks. Artificial intelligence’s real time utility in quality control has been demonstrated by smartphone applications like ‘Q-Check’, ‘Leaf-Snap’ and ‘Apleaf’. Artificial Intelligence additionally supports in synergy analysis, by forecasting advantageous combinations and avoiding harmful interactions, which results it easier for researchers to develop safer and more efficient allo-polyherbal formulations. Nonetheless constraints like universal accessibility, regulatory synchronization and data standardization persist for its continued existence. Irrespective of this, artificial intelligence continues to revolutionize herbal research and accelerating the production of next-generation phytomedicines by improving reliability, assurance and worldwide relevance.

Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a genetic condition that impacts life expectancy, caused by mutations in CFTR gene, which interferes with ion transport across epithelial membranes. This condition primes to manufacture of thick, dehydrated mucus that can block airways &ducts, especially in the lungs &pancreas, resulting in ongoing infections and gradual tissue harm. Even with the progress made in pharmaceutical treatments like CFTR modulators, finding a definitive cure continues to be a challenge. Nonetheless, the clinical promise of siRNA faces obstacles such as swift degradation by nucleases, inadequate membrane permeability, restricted mucus penetration, and challenges in effective intracellular delivery. Improved delivery methods are essential to protect siRNA and ensure accurate targeting to the areas in need. This review discoversprobable of siRNA-based DDS in treatment of cystic fibrosis, highlighting the role of non-viral carriers like lipid-based nanoparticles, cationic polymers, dendrimers&peptide-mediated vectors. There is a strong focus on bio-inspired methodologies, including exosomes and mucus-penetrating particles. Special attention is given to tackling the unique challenges posed by cystic fibrosis, including changes in mucus composition and the presence of inflammation. Recent advancements in preclinical research, innovative inhalation formulations, and initial findings from clinical trials are examined to offer a comprehensive understanding of the current developments. The research also explores how siRNA therapies can be combined with existing CFTR modulators to enhance their effectiveness. Ultimately, it explores future paths focused on personalized delivery methods, cutting-edge nanotechnology, and navigating regulatory challenges. Continuous progress in siRNA delivery presents a promising opportunity for a transformative therapy that could change the course of cystic fibrosis.

Structure-based virtual screening (SBVS) has been recently established as a significant and fruitful computational method in drug repurposing, where drugs already approved by the FDA are screened for their potential therapeutic effects against breast cancer. This review lays down the principles of SBVS while broaching important computational programs such as molecular docking software, molecular dynamic simulation, and AI-driven predictive models. Databases of drug repositioning such as DrugBank, PubChem, and ChEMBL provide comprehensive datasets mandatory for virtual screening. The past few years have seen SBVS emerge as a tool for drug repurposing with exciting new candidates. Some of these are metformin, statins, NSAIDs, beta-blockers, and antidepressants, with anti-cancer activities reported through a plethora of mechanisms. However, accuracy limits, experimental validation, and regulatory hurdles impede clinical translation. The way forward envisions approaches integrating AI, multi-target drug strategies, and personalized medicine to enhance SBVS’s suitability and reliability in oncology. Utilizing computational methods and an inter-disciplinary dynamic, drug repurposing with SBVS is anticipated to get very far and create a viable toolkit for breast cancer therapeutic discovery.

The healing of a wound is a complicated process that might be impeded by infection and result in a long recovery process and the development of severe complications. Ancient multicellular organisms Marine sponges are ancient, multicellular marine organisms living in a wide range of oceanic habitats which have been shown to produce a wide range of secondary metabolites with high biological activity. This review discusses the wound healing and antibacterial potential of the bioactive compounds alkaloids, peptides and terpenes. Marine sponge metabolites have great antibacterial properties against a broad spectrum of pathogens, which include antibiotic resistant strains with antibacterial activity happening to disruptive mechanisms named synthesis of a cell wall, the loss of membrane stability, and protein and nucleic acid synthesis. Also these compounds have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which inhibit inflammation and oxidative stress hence promoting an optimum environment in which wound healing takes place. Moreover, they stimulate cell proliferation and angiogenesis, which makes the process of tissue regeneration and repair possible. This diversifies the approach of the marine sponge secondary metabolites, which is useful in developing intermediary wound care preparations with capable effect (control infection and wound healing).

The treatment of cancer has changed significantly as a result of the development of targeted medications, particularly inhibitors of the receptor for epidermal growth factor (EGFR), which is crucial for the development and survival of cancer. Cancers of the colorectal, head and neck, and non-small cell lung varieties often include EGFR overexpression and mutations.  The safety records, clinical effectiveness, and action mechanisms of 4thgeneration EGFR inhibitors are the primary foci of this review.  The T790M mutation is one example of a resistance mechanism that these newer, more potent inhibitors aim to counteract. In order to give patients with EGFR-mutant cancers that are resistant to earlier treatments new hope, the review outlines recent clinical developments and examines the potential applications of 4th-generation EGFR inhibitors in cancer treatment.

A new antipsychotic drug called Lumateperone has shown promise in the treatment of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. It works by modulating dopaminergic, serotonergic, and glutamatergic neurotransmission. One characteristic that sets this dual-acting drug apart from other antipsychotics is its intermediate affinity for D 2 receptors and high affinity for 5- HT2A receptors. According to clinical research, Lumateperone effectively reduces the symptoms of schizophrenia while having a relatively low risk of extrapyramidal symptoms and metabolic abnormalities. Notably, Lumateperone pharmacokinetic profile is characterized by extensive metabolism and low bioavailability, underscoring the significance of cautious dosage and possible medication interactions. Comparative research with the well-known antipsychotic Olanzapine has shown that Lumateperone is more tolerable and has a lower risk of weight gain and negative metabolic consequences. Clarifying Lumateperone effects on neurotransmitter systems and investigating for the clinical features of schizophrenia are two future research directions. The ultimate goal is precision medicine techniques that are adjusted to meet the needs of each patient. Lumateperone, with its distinct therapeutic profile and enhanced tolerability as antipsychotic drug.

Nanomaterials, particularly nanosponges, have shown significant promise in drug delivery and cancer therapy due to their excellent penetration, absorption, biocompatibility, bioavailability, and stability. Nanosponges are crystalline, crosslinked, polymer structures, nansized, porous, and have three-dimensional, hyper-reticulated, structures that are capable of encapsulating an assortment of compounds. Other examples include cyclodextrin based nanosponges, which can be used to create complexes with drugs to increase their solubility and bioavailability as can be seen with its use in delivering lapatinib anticancer drug. Although they are at a very early stage of development and only small molecules are covered, current research is concerned with creativity that innovative designs and synthesis processes have to be made in order to enhance their efficacy and safety. The phytochemical loaded nanosponges are an up and coming development in the field of drug conveyance that shows promising new solubility, controlled discharge, targeting, and upgraded stability of helpful chemicals. The nanosponges are flexible and can be used in a variety of applications, whether it is medical or cosmetic, environmental or food industry. As an example, they can complex with anticancer phytochemicals like curcumin, quercetin and resveratrol where they enhance their therapeutic benefit. Nonetheless, issues like manufacturing complexities, possible toxicity, and regulatory issues need to be surmounted. All in all, phytochemical packed nanosponges offer a new and efficient approach to utilize the therapeutic potential of natural molecules; thus, this is an interesting direction in the development of nanomedicine and cancer treatment.

β-Glucans are naturally occurring polysaccharides composed of β-D-glucose units, increasingly recognized for their multifunctional roles in human health and industrial biotechnology. Their physicochemical parameters, including molecular weight, branching, solubility, and viscosity, critically determine biological activity, rendering them superior to α-glucans in nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and cosmeceutical applications. The motivation for this review arises from the need to integrate fragmented knowledge into a unified framework that connects structural attributes with therapeutic and industrial outcomes. This review consolidates evidence from biochemical, biophysical, and molecular studies, emphasizing β-glucan interactions with immune receptors, including Complement Receptor 3, Lactosylceramide, Scavenger Receptors, and Dectin-1, which mediate antifungal defense, immune regulation, and the control of inflammation. The scope further extends to their expanding applications in the food, beverage, healthcare, cosmetics, animal feed, agriculture, vaccine adjuvant, and biotechnology sectors. Importantly, emerging molecular docking studies highlight their ability to function as immune checkpoint modulators, opening novel opportunities in cancer immunotherapy. Key findings highlight β-glucans as versatile, sustainable agents that bridge nutrition, medicine, and industry. The uniqueness of this work lies in its holistic synthesis of structure–function relationships and translational relevance, positioning β-glucans as pivotal 21st-century biomolecules for advancing drug delivery and global innovation.